Invisible Eagle Nazi Occult History By Alan Baker

Invisible Eagle

By

Alan Baker

The History of Nazi Occultism

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction: Search for a Map of Hell

1 - Ancestry, Blood and Nature - The Mystical Origins of National Socialism

2 - Fantastic Prehistory - The Lost Aryan Homeland

3 - A Hideous Strength - The Vril Society

4 - The Phantom Kingdom - The Nazi-Tibet Connection

5 - Talisman of Conquest - The Spear of Longinus

6 - Ordinary Madness - Heinrich Himmler and the SS

7 - The Secret at the Heart of the World - Nazi Cosmology and Belief in the Hollow Earth

8 - The Cloud Reich - Nazi Flying Discs

9 - Invisible Eagle - Rumours of Nazi Survival to the Present
Conclusion: The Myth machine - The Reality and Fantasy of Nazi Occultism

Notes

Bibliography and suggested further reading

Index

" The historian may be rational, but history is not".

- Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier
'I'm a sceptic. '

'No, you're only incredulous, a doubter, and that's different. '

- Umberto Eco, Foucault's Pendulum

Acknowledgements

Grateful acknowledgement is given for permission to quote from the following previously
published material:

The Coming Race by E. G. E. Bulwer Lytton, published by Sutton Publishing, Stroud,
Gloucestershire, 1995.

Arktos The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival by Joscelyn Godwin, published
by Thames and Hudson, London, 1993.

The Occult Roots of Nazism by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, published by I. B. Tauris & Co., London,
1985.

Extract from PROJEKT UFO © 1995 W. A. Harbinson. First published by Boxtree Ltd and
reprinted with permission from the author.

Trevor Ravenscroft: The Spear of Destiny (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 1982). Material used
by permission.

The Secret Doctrine by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, published by Theosophical University Press,
Pasadena, California, 1999.

Psychic Dictatorship in the USA by Alex Constantine, published by Feral House, 2532 Lincoln
Blvd. #359, Venice, CA 90291.

The Making of Adolf Hitler The Birth and Rise of Nazism by Eugene Davidson, published by
University of Missouri Press, 1997.

Casebook on Alternative 3 by Jim Keith, published by IllumiNet Press, Lilburn, Georgia, 1994.

Shambhala by Nicholas Roerich, published by the Nicholas Roerich Museum, New York, 1978.

The Last Days of Hitler by Hugh Trevor-Roper, published by Macmillan, London, 1995.

Explaining Hitler The Search For the Origins of His Evil by Ron Rosenbaum, published by
Papermac, London, 1999.

The Face of the Third Reich by Joachim C. Fest, first published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson,

1970.

Hitler and the Occult by Ken Anderson, published by Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York,
1995.

While every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for permission to use other
lengthy quotes, this has not proved possible in all cases. Should these copyright holders wish to
contact the publisher, appropriate credit will be given in future editions.

Many thanks also to my agent, Julian Alexander, for his indispensable help and advice over the
past two and a half years; and to my editors at Virgin Publishing, Lorna Russell, who got the
book commissioned, and Kerri Sharp, who made its journey to publication a pleasure.

Introduction: Search for a Map of Hell

This book is concerned with one of the most controversial notions of the late twentieth century,
one that is so bizarre and appalling in its implications that serious historians have consistently
dismissed it as the worst kind of nonsense.

Put simply, the notion is this: that the shocking nightmare of Nazism and the destruction it
wrought throughout the world were the result of an attempt by Hitler and his cohorts to contact
and enlist the aid of supernatural forces in their bid for domination of the planet.

Upon reading this, older readers may be put in mind of the lurid but enjoyable occult thrillers of
Dennis Wheatley, such as Strange Conflict, which deals with Nazi magical practices in a highly
sensational way, and may dismiss the idea for that reason. Other readers may well pause to
consider the hideous excesses practised by the Nazis and be dismayed that the defining tragedy
of the twentieth century should be trivialised by such an idea.

There is no doubt that the subject of the Third Reich inspires a deep and abiding fascination to
this day, with the origin of the awful cruelties perpetrated in its name still the subject of intense
debate.

Ever since Hitler's death in the Fuhrerbunker in 1945, historians, psychologists and theologians
have attempted to understand and explain the frightful aberration that was Nazism. One of the
foci around which discussion of Hitler moves is the question of where he stands in the spectrum
of human nature.

As the journalist Ron Rosenbaum notes, the very existence of this spectrum suggests an
extremely uncomfortable question: 'Is Hitler on a continuum with previous and successive mass
murderers, explicable within the same framework, on the extreme end of the same spectrum of
the human nature we supposedly share with Jeffrey Dahmer and Mahatma Gandhi?" Or is he
something else entirely, existing outside the continuum of humanity, evil in some absolute,
ultimate way?

The theologian Emil Fackenheim believes that such was the magnitude of Hitler's crimes that we
must consider him as representing a 'radical evil', an 'eruption of demonism into history'.

(2) Hitler's evil is seen by thinkers like Fackenheim as existing beyond the bounds of ordinary
human behaviour (however appalling). Indeed, to them it is so extreme that it transcends the
field of behavioural science and enters the realm of theology: in other words, Hitler's ultimate
nature can only be completely understood by God.

The industrialised mass murder perpetrated by the Nazis resonated irresistibly through the latter
half of the twentieth century, and is certainly the principal contributing factor to what the British
historian Norman Davies calls 'a demonological fascination with Germany'.

In summarising the historiography of the Western Powers, Davies states: 'Germany stands
condemned as the prime source both of the malignant imperialism which produced the First
World War, and of the virulent brand of fascism which provoked the Second.'

(3) In the post-war years, this contributed to the 'Allied scheme of history' in which the West
presented (and still presents) itself as the pinnacle of civilisation, morality and altruism. While the
numerous reasons why this is far from the truth lie beyond the scope of this book, the attitudes
that have accompanied the Allied scheme are of extreme importance with regard to our
continuing fascination with the Nazis. Davies writes of 'The ideology of "anti-fascism", in which
the Second World War of 1939-45 is perceived as "the War against Fascism" and as the defining
event in the triumph of Good over Evil.' (4) It is easy to understand, therefore, how such defining

events (particularly those separated from us by a mere 55 years) can tenaciously maintain
themselves in the public consciousness.

While historians have tended to concentrate on the many important economic, social and
historical factors that influenced Nazi ideology, somewhat less attention has been paid to the
Nazis' fascination with arcane and esoteric belief systems, in spite of their undeniable influence
upon Hitler and the architects of National Socialism in the years leading up to and including the
Second World War. The purpose of this book, therefore, is to attempt to make some sense of the
irrational and benighted realms of Nazi occultism and pseudo-science, and to attempt an
explanation of the strange attraction they held for their proponents.

Given the human capacity for myth-making, it is perhaps unsurprising that the known history of
the Third Reich should have given rise, in subsequent decades, to the assertion that the Nazis
were, quite literally, in contact with an evil, transhuman intelligence that chose to exert its
influence over humanity through the living conduits of Hitler and other high-ranking members of
the Reich. In the course of this book, we shall see that the intellectual fathers of National
Socialism, aggressively anti-Semitic Pan-German and volkisch nationalists like Guido von List,

Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels and Rudolf von Sebottendorff, cultivated an undeniable and profound
interest in occultism, theosophy, the idea of Atlantis as a lost Aryan civilisation, and the magical
powers inherent in the very blood of racially pure Germans. That Hitler's immediate subordinates
themselves dabbled in occult sciences such as astrology is also beyond doubt. Occultism played a
significant role in the formation and rituals of the SS; and it is also a matter of historical record
that the Nazis embraced cock-eyed cosmological theories such as Horbiger's World Ice concept
(which provided them with an opportunity to denounce the ideas of the Jewish Albert Einstein).

In the decades since the end of the war, some historians have seen Nazi occultism as evidence
of the essential irrationality underlying the Third Reich, and as a salutary lesson regarding the
power that myth can exercise over the human mind. This point of view is, of course, based on
the fact that occultism (however important it may be in the history of the human quest for
understanding) is not an accurate way of describing the nature of the Universe. The concepts,
beliefs, attitudes and actions we shall encounter in this book, however, are based on the
opposite notion, that occultism is a genuine and useful system with which to apprehend and
influence the workings of Nature.

If we take Fackenheim's belief that Hitler represents an 'eruption of demonism into history',
which can only truly be understood by God, and apply it to the subject of Nazi occultism, it
becomes clear that the various claims for the reality of genuine Nazi occult power were
inevitable. One can easily imagine the thought processes of the writers who have made these
claims: the Third Reich was an atrocious aberration in the history of humanity, an utter
catastrophe even by our usual bloody standards. How could it have come about? If Hitler was
uniquely evil, why was he so? What was it in his mind, his nature, his essential attributes and the
actions to which they gave rise that took him beyond the continuum of human behaviour and
placed him at the level of the absolute, comprehensible only to the creator of the Universe? If his
evil extended beyond the human, is it possible that its origin lay beyond the human?

In view of the extreme nature of Nazi crimes, the idea that an evil external to humanity (a
cosmic evil) exists and that leading Nazis actually attempted to make contact with trans-human
entities in their pursuit of world domination and the creation of an Aryan super-race maybe seen
by many as distasteful in the extreme, and demeaning to the memory of those who suffered and
died under Hitler's tyranny. It is an uncomfortable notion, to be sure, and one that, as the British
writer Joscelyn Godwin notes, occupies 'that twilight zone between fact and fiction: the most
fertile territory for the nurturing of mythological images and their installation in the collective
imagination'. (5) However, it is for this very reason that the idea of genuine Nazi occult power
demands our attention: it has become an important (if unwelcome) aspect of the history of the
Second World War and the second half of the twentieth century.

At this point, I should clarify my reasons for and intentions in writing this book. The prevalence
of the Nazi-occultism idea is such that I considered it worthwhile to attempt an evaluation of it -
especially in view of the fact that humanity stands on the threshold of a new millennium more or
less intact. With the arrival of the year 2000, human culture finds itself in an intriguing position,
the nature of which might best be captured by the British writer Thomas De Quincey's statement
that the present is the confluence of two eternities, the past and the future. As we look with
curiosity, hope and some trepidation to the new century and the new millennium before us, we
will also, of necessity, look back at the thousand years we have just left behind, and in particular
at the century that has just ended - without doubt the bloodiest and most violent, but also the
century that saw more and greater scientific advances than any other in the history of our
species. And yet, despite the myriad scientific and technological advances that have carried us to
this point in our history, it cannot be said with any confidence that science itself has triumphed
over mythology. In some ways, this is by no means a bad thing: human beings are not
machines, and a worldwide culture based exclusively on hard scientific principles would be
intolerable to human nature, which is fascinated by spirituality, mythology and mystery.

However, this inherent need in human beings to mythologise can seriously hinder the quest for
truth, particularly historical truth. As the British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper put it, 'reason is
powerless against the obstinate love of fiction'. When he wrote this, Trevor-Roper was referring
to the so-called 'Hitler survival myth', the idea that the Fuhrer did not die in the Berlin bunker in
1945, but somehow managed to escape - according to various versions, to South America, to
Antarctica, and even to a monastery in Tibet. As a historian and British intelligence officer,
Trevor-Roper was given the task of establishing Hitler's fate by the then-head of Counter-
intelligence in the British Zone of Germany, Sir Dick White. He made his report to the Four-Power
Intelligence Committee in Berlin on 1 November 1945, and the report inspired one of the finest
history books ever published, The Last Days of Hitler (1947). In this book, Trevor-Roper calmly
establishes beyond all reasonable doubt that Hitler did not survive the end of the Second World
War. Nevertheless, the Hitler survival myth continued to circulate, particularly in far-right and
neo-Nazi circles, and can still be encountered occasionally to this day.

This mythopoeic capacity is brought to bear in the absence of verifiable data. In the case of the
Hitler survival myth, in September 1945 no one knew for certain what had happened to the
Fuhrer: he had simply disappeared. This gave rise to numerous speculations, particularly from
journalists, that he had somehow managed to escape from the ruins of Berlin as his Thousand-
Year Reich imploded to the dimensions of his bunker. When Trevor-Roper's final report was
delivered, stating that Hitler had died by his own hand and that all other theories were 'contrary
to the only positive evidence and supported by no evidence at all', it drew criticism from some
quarters. 'The critics did not indeed deny the evidence that was produced, but they maintained
that there was still a possibility of escaping so final a conclusion; they maintained that the body
that had been burnt was that not of Hitler but of a "double" introduced at the last minute ...' (6)

Trevor-Roper's use of the phrase 'a possibility of escaping' is interesting and very significant with
regard to the present book, since the idea of escaping from a final conclusion to the horror of
Hitler resonates powerfully with the fact that Hitler himself managed to escape human justice
through suicide. Indeed, as more than one commentator has suggested, Hitler managed a
twofold escape: not only did he elude punishment for his crimes but he has also eluded
explanation, as noted earlier. This inability on our part to arrive at a satisfactory explanation for
Hitler has been called 'evidentiary despair' by Ron Rosenbaum, who illustrates the concept with
comments from historians such as Trevor-Roper, Alan Bullock and the Jewish-studies scholar
Alvin Rosenfeld. Trevor-Roper still considers Hitler a 'frightening mystery', while Bullock states
that the more he learns about Hitler, the harder he finds him to explain. Rosenfeld sums up the
problem best: 'No representation of Adolf Hitler has seemed able to present the man or
satisfactorily explain him.' (7)

Of course, there have been many attempts to explain the mind of Hitler, to chart the process
that took him from unprepossessing Viennese down-and-out to the assassin of European Jewry.
Surprisingly (indeed, shockingly), the debate that has continued for more than half a century
concentrates partly on the question of whether or not Hitler can accurately be described as 'evil'.
Our first reaction to this might be that it is the easiest question to answer that has ever been
posed, to echo Alan Bullock's 'If he isn't evil, who is?' Nevertheless, the ease with which we seem
to be able to answer this question is illusory and, in addressing ourselves to it, we find ourselves
grappling with one of the oldest problems of humanity: the problem of the nature of evil itself. As
Rosenbaum reminds us, 'it doesn't matter what word we choose to apply to Hitler', it does not
alter the number of people who suffered and died. 'How we think about Hitler and evil and the
nature of Hitler's choice is a reflection of important cultural assumptions and divisive schisms
about individual consciousness and historical causation, the never-ending conflict over free will,
determinism, and personal responsibility. '8 It is important to emphasise that to question the use
of the word 'evil' as applied to Hitler is not to minimise in any way the enormity of his crimes
(which were inarguably horrific). However, our intuitive sense of the existence of evil and the
certainty with which we perceive its presence in Hitler is little help in our search for a definition
of it. Rosenbaum informs us that during the course of interviews with many historians, conducted
as part of the research for his remarkable book Explaining Hitler: The Search For the Origins of
His Evil, he discovered to his surprise that many were reluctant to call Adolf Hitler evil.

Rosenbaum is instructive on the problems of defining evil in terms sufficiently accurate to allow a
serious and rigorous discussion of the primary motivating factors in Hitler's crimes:

[I]n the realm of scholarship, it's remarkable to discover how many sophisticated thinkers of all
stripes find themselves unwilling to find a principled rationale for calling Hitler evil, at least in the
strict sense of doing wrong knowingly. The philosophical literature that takes these questions
seriously makes a distinction between obviously evil deeds such as mass murder and the not-
always-obvious nature of the intent of the doer, preferring the stricter term 'wickedness' to
describe wrongdoers who do evil deeds knowing they are doing wrong. I was drawn to the
philosophical literature on the problem of wickedness ... by another defining moment in my
encounters with Hitler explainers: my conversation in London with H. R. Trevor-Roper, former
Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, one of the first and most widely respected postwar
Hitler explainers. I'd asked him the deceptively simple question I'd begun asking a number of
Hitler explainers: 'Do you consider Hitler consciously evil? Did he know what he was doing was
wrong?' (9)[Original emphasis]

Trevor-Roper's answer was an emphatic No: Hitler was convinced of his own rectitude. Although
his deeds reached an extreme of awfulness, he committed them in the deluded belief that they
were right. Rosenbaum also points out that the assumption that Jewish people themselves might
be expected to be the first to reject this 'rectitude argument' is also flawed, as evidenced by the
statement of Efraim Zuroff, director of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre's Jerusalem headquarters,
and the chief Nazi-hunter in Israel. When asked if he thought Hitler was conscious he was doing
wrong, Zuroff almost shouted: 'Of course not! Hitler thought he was a doctor! Killing germs!
That's all Jews were to him! He believed he was doing good, not evil!' (10) (Original emphasis.)

The acceptance by many historians of the rectitude argument leads Rosenbaum to a tentative
and very interesting conclusion: 'that beneath the Socratic logic of the position might be an
understandably human, even emotional, rejection - as simply unbearable - of the idea that
someone could commit mass murder without a sense of rectitude, however delusional. That
Hitler could have done it out of pure personal hatred, knowing exactly what he was doing and
how wrong it was.' (11) (Original emphasis.) Allied to this is the so-called Great Abstraction
Theory of history, which places

emphasis on profound and inevitable trends at the expense of the activities of single personalities
as formulated in the now-unfashionable Great Man Theory. According to the Great Abstraction
Theory: 'Nothing could have prevented the Holocaust. No one's to blame for the failure to halt

Hitler's rise. If it hadn't been Hitler, it would have been "someone like Hitler" serving as an
instrument of those inexorable larger forces.' (12) The alternative, which is considered
unthinkable by many historians and philosophers, is that a single human being wanted to bring
about the Holocaust - a human being ... a member of our species. (The reader may detect a
similarity between this notion and the reluctance by some to allow Hitler to be placed within the
continuum of human behaviour mentioned earlier.)

While the implications of the Great Abstraction Theory may serve as a form of consolation
(nothing could have prevented the Holocaust from happening: it was the result of uncontrollable
historical forces), it has been rightly criticised in some quarters for its implicit removal of Hitler
from the position of sole creator of the Final Solution. In the last analysis, he remains the
greatest enigma: any attempt to explain seriously the origin and nature of the evil of the Third
Reich must centre on Adolf Hitler - not as a pawn of larger forces, but as the prime mover of
Nazism.

All of which brings us back to the central question, phrased memorably by Rosenbaum: what
made Hitler Hitler? What turned him from an apparently ordinary, undistinguished human being
into the very embodiment of wickedness, the destroyer of more than six million innocent people?
According to Yehuda Bauer, a founder of the discipline of Holocaust Studies, while it is possible in
theory to explain Hitler, it may well be too late. The deaths of crucial witnesses and the loss of
important documents may have resulted in our eternal separation from the means to answer the
question, to draw an accurate map of the hell Hitler created on Earth.

Of course, there have been numerous theories put forward, including the suggestion that Hitler's
anti-Semitism derived from the unproven seduction and impregnation of his paternal
grandmother, Maria Schicklgruber, by a Jew, resulting in the birth of his father, Alois Hitler.
According to this theory, Hitler exterminated the Jews in order to exterminate what he perceived
as the poison in his own blood. Another conjecture has it that Hitler discovered an affair between
his half-niece, Geli Raubal, and a Jewish music teacher, and that he either drove her to suicide or
had her murdered. This resulted in a desire for murderous vengeance against the Jews. Yet
another theory suggests that the death of Hitler's mother in 1907 was in some way made more
painful by the malpractice of her Jewish doctor, Eduard Bloch, for which Hitler, once again,
exacted terrible vengeance. (13)

As we have just seen, the desperate search for an adequate explanation of Hitler has resulted in
a number of contradictory theories, many of which are built on flimsy evidence. Interestingly, this
search has also generated a mythology of its own, revolving around what Rosenbaum calls 'the
lost safe-deposit box. A place where allegedly revelatory documents - ones that might provide
the missing link, the lost key to the Hitler psyche, the true source of his metamorphosis - seem
to disappear beyond recovery." (4) This mythology was inspired by real events in Munich in
1933, when Fritz Gerlich, the last anti-Hitler journalist in that city, made a desperate attempt to
alert the world to the true nature of Hitler by means of a report of an unspecified scandal. On 9
March, just as Gerlich's newspaper, Der Gerade Weg, was about to go to press, SA storm
troopers entered the premises and ripped it from the presses.

Although no copy of the Gerlich report has ever been found, rumours have been circulating for
many years about the ultimate fate of the information with which Gerlich hoped to warn the
world of the danger of Hitler, one of which involves a secret copy of the report that was
smuggled out of the premises (along with supporting documentary material) by one Count
Waldburg-Zeil. Waldburg-Zeil allegedly took the report and its supporting documents to his
estate north of Munich, where he buried them somewhere in the grounds. According to Gerlich's
biographer Erwin von Aretin, however, Waldburg-Zeil destroyed them during the war, fearful of
what might happen should they be discovered by the Nazi authorities.

Rosenbaum informs us of an alternative version of these events, involving documents proving
that Geli Raubal was indeed killed on the orders of Adolf Hitler. According to von Aretin's son, the

historian Professor Karl-Ottmar Freiherr von Aretin, his father gave the documents to his cousin,
Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Guttenberg, co-owner of the Munchener Neueste Nachrichten, who put
them in a safe-deposit box in Switzerland. Guttenberg was killed following his involvement in the
attempted coup against Hitler on 20 July 1944. For the sake of security, he had not told anyone
the number of the safe-deposit-box account.

The idea that somewhere in Switzerland there lies a set of documents containing information
that might be of some help in explaining the transformation of Adolf Hitler from man to monster
is a powerful one, and has generated more than one subsequent controversial claim. There is,
for instance, the account given by a German novelist named Ernst Weiss, according to which the
voice Hitler claimed to have heard while recovering from war injuries in a hospital at Pasewalk
summoning him to a mission to avenge Germany following her surrender in 1918, was actually
that of Dr Edmund Forster, a staff psychiatrist at the hospital. Forster 'sought to cure Hitler's
hysterical blindness by putting him in a hypnotic trance and implanting the post-hypnotic
suggestion that Hitler had to recover his sight to fulfil a mission to redeem Germany's lost honor'.
(15)

Weiss, who apparently befriended Forster, claimed that the psychiatrist discovered a dreadful
secret during the course of Hitler's treatment, a secret with the potential to unlock the future
Fuhrer's psyche and which Forster took with him when he fled Germany in 1933. Shortly before
his suicide (to which he was driven by the Gestapo), Forster took his Pasewalk case notes to
Switzerland and placed them in a safe-deposit box in a bank in Basel. As an added security
measure, Forster rewrote the notes in a cipher of his own devising, the key to which he took to
his grave.

As Rosenbaum notes, the unreadable cipher in the lost safe-deposit box is a powerful metaphor
for the elusive explanation of Hitler:

These lost-safe-deposit-box stories clearly serve as expressions of anxiety about - and talismans
against - an otherwise apparently inexplicable malignant evil. In fact, despite the despairing tone
of the safe-deposit-box myths, they represent a kind of epistemological optimism, a faith in an
explicable world. Yes, something is missing, but if we don't have the missing piece in hand, at
least it exists somewhere. At least somewhere there's the lost key that could make sense of the
apparently motiveless malignancy of Hitler's psyche ... A missing piece, however mundane or
bizarre ... but something here on earth, something we can contain in our imagination, something
safely containable within the reassuring confines of a box in a Swiss bank. Something not beyond
our ken, just beyond our reach, something less unbearably frightening than inexplicable evil.
[Original emphasis.] (16)

If I have relied rather heavily on Rosenbaum's work in the last few pages, it is because it is of
considerable relevance to our concerns in the present book. When I began to think about writing
Invisible Eagle, my intention was to attempt an evaluation of the evidence for Nazi involvement
with occultism and black magic. In the course of my preliminary reading, however, it became
clear to me that, while early racist organisations like the volkisch movement and the Pan-
Germans were most certainly influenced by occultist notions, the evidence for Adolf Hitler and
other leading Nazis as practising black magicians was decidedly weak. Nevertheless, in the
decades since the end of the Second World War, an elaborate mythology has developed around
this very concept, the details of which (as lurid as they are unsubstantiated) have been
presented in a number of popular books, mainly in the 1960s and early 1970s.

The reason for this, it seems to me, has a great deal to do with what we have been discussing in
this Introduction: the need - desperate and perhaps doomed to failure -to arrive at an adequate
explanation for the catastrophic wickedness of Hitler and the Nazis. Indeed, this notion first arose
during the actual war years and was adhered to at first principally by members of the Spiritualist
community, and later by many others (it is estimated that by 1941 as much as 25 per cent of the
British population had some belief in the paranormal). An interest in occultism and Spiritualism

became a great comfort to those who had lost loved ones either overseas or in the Blitz, since it
held the potential to establish for them the reality of an afterlife, a world of the spirit where their
sufferings would be at an end, replaced by ultimate peace and love. For many people with an
interest in esotericism, it became evident that the war was very much a war between Good and
Evil in the cosmic sense: a battle between the powers of Light and Darkness. The Nazis were
using (or perhaps being used by) monstrous occult powers, and the only way to have even a
chance of stopping them was to employ the opposing magical powers of goodness and love. This
the Spiritualist community did, paying special attention to British pilots fighting in the Battle of
Britain. It is a little-known fact that there was an additional battle being waged at the time, by
Spiritualists giving psychic aid to the brave pilots defending the nation's skies. This came to be
known as the Magical Battle of Britain.

The Spiritualists were in turn aided in their efforts by the white witches who feared that a Nazi
invasion of Britain would see their extermination. By raising their own occult forces, they hoped
to stave off the invasion in the summer of 1940. Travelling to the Kent coast, the witches threw a
substance known as'go-away powder' into the sea. Made according to an ancient recipe, this
substance, combined with certain potent magical spells, had the effect (so the witches believed)
of raising an impassable psychic barrier around the shores of Britain. Another coven travelled to
the Hampshire coast with the intention of raising a magical cone of power that would turn back
the advancing forces of Darkness. Indeed, magical operations were carried out by covens all over
the country, concentrating on the idea of confusing the minds of Hitler's High Command and
making them think that to invade Britain would be too difficult. (In the autumn of 1940, the
invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely.)

At this point, I should pause to note that at various points in this book I shall be using two
phrases that at first sight might appear to be synonymous but which actually have very different
meanings. The first is 'Nazi occultism', by which I mean the Nazi belief in the occult and
supernatural; the second is 'Nazi occult power', by which I mean the belief of occultists and
crypto-historians that the Nazis wielded genuine supernatural powers, achieved through their
alleged contact with transhuman intelligences. It will become clear in the course of the book, I
hope, that the latter concept, while far less verifiable in historical terms, is nevertheless of
considerable importance in the mythology of the twentieth century and the manner in which we
view reality today.

That said, let us now turn to a brief overview of the subjects that we shall be examining in the
following pages. This survey can in many ways be categorised as conspiracy literature. As such,
it presents certain problems both for the writer who explores it and the reader who agrees to
accompany him or her. With regard to Invisible Eagle, it will become clear that the early sections
refer to data that have been verified and are accepted by professional historians. However, as
the reader proceeds through the book, it will also become clear that ideas about the involvement
of leading Nazis with occultism and black magic grow more outlandish and less believable,
particularly when presented by writers who have little or no official training in the history of
fascism and the Second World War.

It might therefore appear to the reader that this book itself is only half legitimate, based as it is
partly on verifiable historical data and partly on bizarre and spurious notions that have few claims
to historical accuracy. Such a conclusion would, however, be a mistake: the various claims made
regarding Nazi involvement with the occult have come to occupy a central place in the
mythologising of the Third Reich that has developed in the years since the end of the Second
World War. Just as the Nazis mythologised the history of their so-called 'Aryan' ancestors in order
to legitimise (in their own minds, at least) their claims to racial superiority, so they themselves
have, to a great extent, been mythologised by writers in the fields of occultism and conspiracy
theory.

The result is that a body of wild historical speculation now exists alongside what we know for
certain about Nazi Germany, and it is an unpalatable but undeniable fact that this speculation

forms a significant element in the public attitude to Hitler and the Nazis. However spurious the
ideas that we shall examine in the later stages of this book, it is essential that we do discuss
them in order to gain some understanding of the awful fascination the Third Reich still holds for
us.

Thus, in Chapter One, we will examine the origins of occultist belief in Nazi Germany in
movements such as volkisch nationalism and Pan-Germanism, the adoption of Theosophical
concepts, the development of the occult-racist doctrine known as Ariosophy, and the occult
societies that were used as conduits for the propagation of racist esotericism and the doctrine of
Aryan supremacy. In Chapter Two, we will concentrate on the bizarre mythology adopted by the
Nazis, which centred on the idea of a lost Aryan homeland in the far North, and will examine the
occult origin of the swastika.

The first two chapters contain information that is historically verifiable and accepted by serious
historians. With Chapter Three, we find ourselves departing from this path of respectability and
entering what the French writers Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier call the Absolute Elsewhere:
an intellectual realm of extreme notions that is the equivalent of Godwin's 'twilight zone between
fact and fiction'. Much of the remainder of this book will deal with these notions, not through any
misguided belief in their veracity but rather in an attempt to establish the reasons for their
inclusion in the mythology that has been imposed upon the history of the Third Reich in the last
five decades. Chapter Three, therefore, will introduce us to the mysterious Vril Society and its
use of a vast and hidden power known as 'vril' and said to be wielded by a race of subterranean
superhumans. In Chapter Four we will travel to Tibet to examine the curious notion that the
Nazis were in contact with certain high lamas, through whom they intended to ally themselves
with the powerful race living beneath the Himalayas. Chapter Five will be devoted to an
examination of one of the most enduring myths regarding Nazi occult power: that of Hitler's
quest for the so-called Spear of Destiny, the Holy Lance said to have pierced the side of Christ
during the crucifixion and whose possession would enable those who understood its mysteries to
control the world. In Chapter Six we will chart the origins and ritual practices of the SS and
attempt to establish how much of what has been written regarding its use of black magic is true.
Chapter Seven will see us plunging ever deeper into the Absolute Elsewhere, where we will
encounter the fantastic principles of Nazi cosmology, including the theory that the Earth is hollow
(a theory that has enjoyed more or less constant currency in certain UFO circles - the fringe of
the fringe, one might say).

Although at first sight it might appear out of place in a book dealing with the subject of Nazi
occultism, I have devoted Chapter Eight to an examination of the radical and highly advanced
aircraft designs on which the Nazis were working towards the end of the war, and which were
captured, along with many of the scientists and engineers who were attempting to put them into
practice, by the Allies in 1945. I have included this subject because it provides a connection
between the alleged occult philosophy of the Third Reich and the sinister but increasingly popular
concept of Nazi survival to the present day. It has been suggested by a number of researchers
and commentators that modern sightings of UFOs (unidentified flying objects) may be due to the
development by America and Russia of captured Nazi secret weapon designs. It is certainly
beyond dispute that both Allied and German air crews encountered highly unusual aerial
phenomena over Europe in the form of small (three- to four-foot diameter) illuminated spheres,
which appeared to follow their fighters and bombers and interfered with the electrical systems of
the aircraft.

These glowing balls of light were known as 'foo fighters'. Others (including certain neo-Nazi
groups) have suggested in all seriousness that some UFOs are actually operated by Nazis and are
powered by vril energy, and that the Third Reich survives today in the icy fastnesses of the North
and South polar regions, in particular the region of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land (so
named by Norwegian explorers) which the Nazis claimed for Germany in 1939 and renamed Neu
Schwa ben land.

In Chapter Nine we will examine the notion of Nazi survival in various secret locations, which has
it that the Third Reich (or, perhaps more accurately, the Fourth Reich) is alive and well and
continuing its quest for world domination. Finally, in the Conclusion we will attempt a summing
up of the material we have covered.

By the end of the book, I hope to make it clear that the history of Nazi occultist beliefs, in
combination with the attempt to enlist the Nazis' quest for genuine supernatural power to explain
the motivations of Hitler and the Third Reich, has resulted in an elaborate mythological system
that has had a definite influence upon our attitude to the practice of official secrecy and the
putative abuses of political and economic power in the post-war world. The structure of belief we
will be discussing is thus twofold: on the one hand, we can identify the pernicious esotericism of
the Nazis themselves and the revolting cruelties it engendered; and on the other, the modern
mythological system that has developed in the years since the end of the Second World War, and
which has Nazi occultist beliefs as its starting point. Readers will find themselves embarking on a
journey into realms both outre and unsettling; we will of necessity be exploring concepts from
which most academics would turn away with the utmost disdain. We will look at claims and
beliefs that most rational people would find it hard to accept anyone could seriously entertain -
were it not for the atrocities committed in their name that have irreparably demeaned our
species. And we will see how the frightful and irrational concepts of Nazi mysticism and pseudo-
science have survived to the present day to cast a fearsome shadow over the future.

1 - Ancestry, blood and nature

The Mystical Origins of National Socialism

Historical Perspective

We must begin our journey in the convulsed but well-mapped territory of nineteenth-century
Europe, in which arcane and esoteric concepts might be expected to be far removed from the
complex political processes, intellectual rationalism and rapid industrialisation occurring at the
time. Nevertheless, the origins of the Nazi fascination with occult and esoteric belief systems can
be traced to the political, cultural and economic conditions prevalent in Prussia and Austria in the
second half of the century. As noted by the British authority on the history of the Third Reich,
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Austria in the late 1800s was the product of three major political
changes: 'These changes consisted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation,
the administrative separation of Hungary from Austria, and the establishment of a constitutional
monarchy in the "Austrian" or western half of the empire." The German Confederation had been
created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire, and lasted from 1815 to
1866; it consisted of a union of 39 German states, with 35 monarchies and four free cities. Its
main organ was a central Diet under the presidency of Austria. However, the establishment of
the confederation failed to meet the aspirations of German nationalists, who had hoped for a
consolidation of these small monarchies into a politically unified Greater Germany.

As a step towards the ascendancy of Prussia over Austria and the unification of Germany under
Prussian dominance, Otto von Bismarck provoked the Austro- Prussian War in June 1866, using
the dispute over the administration of Schleswig-Holstein as a pretext. In this conflict, also
known as the Seven Weeks' War, Prussia was allied with Italy, and Austria with a number of
German states, including Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Saxony and Hanover. Prussia easily overcame
Austria and her allies. Austria was excluded from German affairs in the Treaty of Prague (23
August 1866). The war notwithstanding, Bismarck considered Austria a potential future ally and
so avoided unnecessarily weakening the state, settling for the annexation of Hanover, Hesse,
Nassau, Frankfurt and Schleswig-Holstein. (These moderate peace terms were to facilitate the
Austro-German alliance of 1879.) The war resulted in the destruction of the German

Confederation, and its replacement with the North German Confederation under the sole
leadership of Prussia. The defeat of Austria was an additional blow to German nationalism:
Austrian Germans found themselves isolated within the Habsburg Empire, with its multitude of
national and ethnic groups. A look at the political divisions within the empire will give some idea
of the extent of its multiculturalism. They included:

Austria; the kingdoms of Bohemia, Dalmatia and Galicia-Lodomeria; the archduchies of Lower
Austria and Upper Austria; the duchies of Bukovina, Carinthia, Carniola Salzburg and Styria; the
margraviates of Istria and Moravia; the counties of Gorizia-Gradisca, Tyrol and Vorarlberg;

the crownland of Austrian-Silesia;

Bosnia-Hercegovina;

Lombardy (transferred to Italy in 1859), Modena (transferred to Italy in 1860), Tuscany
(transferred to Italy in 1860) and Venetia (transferred to Italy in 1866);

and the town of Trieste. (2)

As Goodrick-Clarke states, fears that the supremacy of the German language and culture within
the empire would be challenged by the non-German nationalities resulted in a conflict of loyalties
between German nationality and Austrian citizenship. This in turn resulted in the emergence of
two principal nationalist movements: volkisch nationalism and the Pan-German movement, which
we will discuss a little later.

The second major change was the Ausgleich ('Compromise') of 1867, whereby the Habsburgs set
up the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The intention was to curb the nationalist aspirations of
Slavs in both states, inspired by Slavs in the Ottoman Empire (including Serbs, Montenegrins and
Albanians) who had taken advantage of the Turkish decline to establish their own states. As
noted by the American historian Steven W. Sowards, 'The former revolutionaries [of 1848] -
German and Magyar - became de facto "peoples of state", each ruling half of a twin country
united only at the top through the King-Emperor and the common Ministries of Foreign Affairs
and of War'. (3)

However, according to Norman Davies, the Ausgleich only served to make matters worse:

There was no chance that the German-speaking elite could impose its culture throughout Austria,
let alone extend it to the whole of the Dual Monarchy. After all, 'Austria was a Slav house with a
German facade'. In practice the three 'master races' - the Germans, the Magyars, and the
Galician Poles - were encouraged to lord it over the others. The administrative structures were so
tailored that the German minority in Bohemia could hold down the Czechs, the Magyars in
Hungary could hold down the Slovaks, Romanians, and Croats, and the Poles in Galicia could
hold down the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). So pressures mounted as each of the excluded
nationalities fell prey to the charms of nationalism. (4)

The Ausgleich resulted in aspirations towards autonomy among a number of groups within the
Austro-Hungarian Empire; the empire as a whole was home to eleven major nationalities:
Magyars, Germans, Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Serbs, Romanians, Croats, Slovenes and
Italians. The largest and most restless minority consisted of about 6.5 million Czechs living in
Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia. However, their desires for autonomy were constantly
frustrated by the Hungarian determination to preserve the political structure established by the
Ausgleich.

German nationalism had been frustrated on two main occasions in the first half of the nineteenth
century: at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and after the revolutions of 1848. According to
Goodrick-Clarke:

As a result of this slow progress towards political unification, Germans increasingly came to
conceive of national unity in cultural terms. This tendency had begun in the late eighteenth
century, when writers of the pre-Romantic Sturm und Drang movement had expressed the

common identity of all Germans in folk-songs, customs, and literature. An idealized image of
medieval Germany was invoked to prove her claim to spiritual unity, even if there had never
been political unity. This emphasis on the past and traditions conferred a strongly mythological
character upon the cause of unification. (5)

He goes on:

The exclusion of Austria from the new Prussian-dominated Reich had left disappointed
nationalists in both countries. Hopes for a Greater Germany had been dashed in 1866, when
Bismarck consolidated the ascendancy of Prussia through the military defeat of Austria, forcing
her withdrawal from German affairs. The position of German nationalists in Austria-Hungary was
henceforth problematic. In 1867 the Hungarians were granted political independence within a
dual state. The growth of the Pan-German movement in Austria in the following decades
reflected the dilemma of Austrian Germans within a state of mixed German and Slav nationalities.
Their programme proposed the secession of the German-settled provinces of Austria from the
polyglot Habsburg empire and their incorporation in the new Second Reich across the border.
Such an arrangement was ultimately realized by the Anschluss of Austria into the Third Reich in
1938. (6)

The idealised, romantic image of a rural, quasi-medieval Germany suffered under the programme
of rapid modernisation and industrialisation undertaken by the Second Reich. For many, who saw
their traditional communities destroyed by the spread of towns and industries, the foundations of
their mystical unity had become threatened. In addition, these anti-modernist sentiments
resulted in the rejection of both liberalism and rationalism, while paradoxically hijacking the
scientific concepts of anthropology, linguistics and Darwinist evolution to 'prove' the superiority of
the German race.

A set of inner moral qualities was related to the external characteristics of racial types: while the
Aryans (and thus the Germans) were blue-eyed, blond-haired, tall and well-proportioned, they
were also noble, honest, and courageous. The Darwinist idea of evolution through struggle was
also taken up in order to prove that the superior pure races would prevail over the mixed inferior
ones. Racial thinking facilitated the rise of political anti-Semitism, itself so closely linked to the
strains of modernization. Feelings of conservative anger at the disruptive consequences of
economic change could find release in the vilification of the Jews, who were blamed for the
collapse of traditional values and institutions. Racism indicated that the Jews were not just a
religious community but biologically different from other races. (7)

The Volkisch Movement and Pan-Germanism

As mentioned earlier, the fears and aspirations of German nationalists led to the formation of two
highly influential movements, volkisch nationalism and Pan-Germanism. The intention of the
volkisch movement was to raise the cultural consciousness of Germans living in Austria,
particularly by playing on their fears for their identity within the provinces of mixed nationality in
the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The word volkisch is not easy to translate into English, containing
as it does elements of both nationalism and a profound sense of the importance of folklore. The
main principles of volkisch thought were the importance of living naturally (including a vegetarian
diet); an awareness of the wisdom of one's ancestors, expressed through the appreciation of
prehistoric monuments; and an understanding of astrology and cosmic cycles. (As more than one
commentator has noted, there is a distinct and rather sinister similarity between these principles
and those of the modern New Age movement.)

The ideas of the volkisch movement were propagated through educational and defence leagues
called Vereine. In 1886, Anton Langgassner founded the Germanenbund, a federation of Vereine,
at Salzburg under the banner of Germanic Volkstum (nationhood). The Vereine were particularly
popular amongst young people and intellectuals; such was their popularity, in fact, that an
unsettled Austrian government dissolved the Germanenbund in 1889, although it re-emerged in

1894 as the Bund der Germanen. Goodrick-Clarke estimates that by 1900, as many as 150,000
people were influenced by volkisch propaganda.

According to the historian of Nazism, Eugene Davidson, the followers of the volkisch movement:

believed the troubles of the industrial order - the harshness, the impersonality, the sharp dealing,
the ruthless speculators - would only be exorcised by a return to Ur-Germanism, to the German
community, the ancient Teutonic gods, and a Germanic society unsullied by inferior, foreign
intrusions. Nations might endure such foreign elements, but a Volk was an organic unity with a
common biological inheritance. The culture-bearing Volk of the world, incomparably superior
among the races, was the German; therefore, the only proper function of a German state was to
administer on behalf of the Volk; everything international was inferior and to be rejected. A
sound economy would be based on agriculture rather than on industry with its international,
especially Jewish influences; and in religion, a German God would have to replace the Jewish
God. (8) [Original emphasis.]

Volkisch ideology was propagated through a number of racist publications, one of the most
virulent of which was the satirical illustrated monthly Der Scherer, published in Innsbruck by
Georg von Schonerer (1842-1921), a leader in the movement, whom Davidson describes as 'anti-
Catholic, anti-Semitic, and often ludicrous'. (9) The anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic articles in Der
Scherer were accompanied by drawings of fat priests and big-nosed Jews, the latter a prototype
of the Jewish stereotype that would be later used in National Socialist propaganda. In one
picture, a Jew and a priest are sitting on a mound of writhing people, who represent the Volk,
while another shows the Devil in Hell, with a sign saying: 'Spa for Jews and Jesuits.' (10)

Jews were consistently attacked from two directions: volkisch anticlerical groups linked them with
the reactionary Church, while clerical anti-Semites linked them with volkisch heathenism. Jews
were therefore seen as 'either godless socialists or capitalist exploiters ... and the hidden,
international rulers of financial and intellectual life'. (11) As we shall see later, these views would
survive Nazism, and have extended their pernicious influence through various right-wing groups
active today. One Catholic paper, Die Tiroler Post, wrote in 1906 that the goal of the Jew was
world domination, while another, the Linzer Post, defended anti-Semitism as no more than
healthy self-preservation. In the same year, the volkisch Deutsche Tiroler Stimmen called for the
extermination of the Jewish race. (12)

If the volkisch movement attempted to raise German national and cultural consciousness, Pan-
Germanism operated in a more political context, beginning with the refusal of Austrian Germans
to accept their exclusion from German affairs after the Austro- Prussian War of 1866. The
movement originated among student groups in Vienna, Graz and Prague, which were inspired by
earlier German student clubs (Burschenschaftern) following the teachings of Friedrich Ludwig
Jahn (1778-1850). Jahn, a purveyor of volkisch ideology, advocated German national unity,
identity and romantic ritual. These groups advocated kleindeutsch (or 'little German')
nationalism, which called for the incorporation of German Austria into the Bismarckian Reich. As
Goodrick-Clarke notes, 'This cult of Prussophilia led to a worship of force and a contempt for
humanitarian law and justice.' (13)

Georg von Schonerer's involvement with Pan-Germanism transformed it from a nebulous 'cult of
Prussophilia' into a genuine revolutionary movement. Following his election to the Reichsrat in
1873, Schonerer followed a progressive Left agenda for about five years, before making
demands for a German Austria without the Habsburgs and politically united with the German
Reich. Schonerer's Pan-Germanism was not characterised merely by national unity, political
democracy and social reform: its essential characteristic was racism, 'that is, the idea that blood
was the sole criterion of all civil rights'. (14)

The Pan-German movement experienced something of a setback in 1888, when Schonerer was
convicted of assault after barging into the offices of Das Neue Wiener Tageblatt and attacking
the editor for prematurely reporting the death of the German emperor, Wilhelm I. He was

sentenced to four months' imprisonment, lost his title of nobility (15) and was deprived of his
political rights for five years.

When the Austrian government decided in 1895 that Slovene should be taught in the German
school at Celje in Carniola, and two years later the Austrian premier, Count Casimir Badeni, ruled
that all officials in Bohemia and Moravia should speak both Czech and German (thus placing
Germans at a distinct disadvantage), the flames of nationalism were once again fanned
throughout the empire. The result was that the Pan-Germans, together with the democratic
German parties, followed a strategy of blocking all parliamentary business, which in turn led to
violent public disorder in the summer of 1897.

By this time, Schonerer had identified an additional enemy in the Catholic Church, which he
regarded as inimical to the interests of Austrian Germans. 'The episcopate advised the emperor,
the parish priests formed a network of effective propagandists in the country, and the Christian
Social party had deprived him of his earlier strongholds among the rural and semi-urban
populations of Lower Austria and Vienna.' (16) The association of Catholicism with Slavdom and
the Austrian state could further be emphasised, Schonerer believed, by a movement for
Protestant conversion; this was the origin of the slogan 'Los von Rom' ('Away from Rome'). The
movement claimed approximately 30,000 Protestant conversions in Bohemia, Styria, Carinthia
and Vienna between 1899 and 1910, (17) although it was not at all popular among either the
volkisch leagues or the Pan-Germans, who saw it as 'a variation of old-time clericalism'. (18) For
that matter, the Protestant Church itself was rather dissatisfied with Los von Rom, and felt that
its profound connection of religion with politics would make religious people uneasy. By the same
token, those who were politically motivated felt religion itself to be irrelevant.

By the turn of the century, Pan-Germanism could be divided into two groups: those who, like
Schonerer, wanted political and economic union with the Reich, and those who merely wanted to
defend German cultural and political interests within the Habsburg empire. These interests were
perceived as being radically undermined, not only by the Badeni language decrees, but also by
the introduction in 1907 of universal male suffrage. This could only exacerbate the growing
German-Slav conflict within the empire, and was one of the main factors in the emergence of the
racist doctrine of Ariosophy, which we will discuss later. In 1853-55, Arthur de Gobineau had
written an essay on the inequality of races, in which he had made claims for the superiority of
the Nordic-Aryan race, and warned of its eventual submergence by non-Aryans. This notion,
along with the ideas about biological struggle of Social Darwinism, was taken up at the turn of
the twentieth century by German propagandists who claimed that Germans could defend their
race and culture only by remaining racially pure. (19)

The volkisch nationalists and Pan-Germans found further inspiration in the work of the zoologist
Ernst Haeckel who, in 1906, founded the Monist League to spread his racist interpretation of
Social Darwinism. Seven years earlier, Haeckel's colleague, Wilhelm Bolsche, had written a book
entitled Vom Bazillus zum Affenmenschen (From the Bacillus to the Apeman), in which he had
described the 'naked struggle for dominance between the zoological species "Man"' and 'the
lowest form of organic life [microscopic organisms]'. (20) This 'struggle for dominance' was to
have a profound effect upon the development of German anti-Semitism in the early years of the
twentieth century. Hitler would later express his own anti-Semitism in these biological terms, in
order to deprive Jews of all human attributes. On one occasion in 1942, for instance, Hitler said:

The discovery of the Jewish virus is one of the greatest revolutions the world has seen. The
struggle in which we are now engaged is similar to the one waged by Pasteur and Koch in the
last century. How many diseases must owe their origin to the Jewish virus! Only when we have
eliminated the Jews will we regain our health. (21)

German Theosophy

The revival of Germanic mythology and folklore in Austria in the last two decades of the
nineteenth century was of enormous importance to the development of Nazi esotericism and
cosmology, yet it must he viewed in the context of a much wider occult revival that had been
taking place in Europe for about one hundred years. The central concepts of what would become
Western occultism, such as Gnosticism, Hermeticism and the Cabala, which originated in the
eastern Mediterranean more than 1,500 years ago, had been largely banished from Western
thought by the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

At this point, it is worth pausing to consider the meanings of these concepts. Gnosticism (gnosis
simply means direct knowledge), as practised by early Christian heretics, contains two basic
tenets. The first is dualism, which can, according to Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, be
defined thus:

Dualism, as the word itself suggests, presupposes an opposition, often a conflict, between two
antithetical principles, two antithetical hierarchies of value, two antithetical realities. In dualism,
certain aspects or orders of reality are extolled over others. Certain aspects of reality are
repudiated as unreal, or inferior, or evil. In its distinction between soul and body, between spirit
and 'unregenerate nature', Christianity is, in effect, dualist. (22)

The second tenet concerns the evil of matter:

Matter was rejected as intrinsically evil. Material creation, the phenomenal world, was deemed to
be the handiwork of a lesser and malevolent god. In consequence, matter and material creation
had to be transcended in order to attain union with a greater and truer god, whose domain was
pure spirit; and it was this ' union that the term 'gnosis' signified ... [Gnostic] thinking had
probably originated in the similar dualism of Persian Zoroastrianism. It was subsequently to
surface again in Persia, under a teacher known as Mani, and to be called Manicheism. (23)

Hermeticism derives from Hermes Trismegistus ('the thrice-greatest Hermes'), the name given by
the Greeks to the Egyptian god Thoth, the god of wisdom and of literature. To the Greeks, this
'scribe of the gods' was author of all sacred books, which they called 'Hermetic'. The ancient
wisdom of Hermes is said to reside in 42 books, the surviving fragments of which are known as
the Hermetica. The books of Hermes were written on papyrus and kept in the great library of
Alexandria. When the library was destroyed by fire, most of this wisdom was forever lost;
however, some fragments were saved and, according to legend, buried in a secret desert
location by initiates.

Hermetic works such as The Divine Pymander and The Vision describe the means by which divine
wisdom was revealed to Hermes Trismegistus, and also contain discourses on the evolution of
the human soul. The Tabula smaragdina or Emerald Tablet is said to contain the most
comprehensive summation of Egyptian philosophy, and was of central importance to the
alchemists, who believed that it was encoded with the mystical secrets of the Universe. Hermes
Trismegistus is said to have been the greatest philosopher, king and priest, and was also a
somewhat prolific writer, being credited with 36,525 books on the principles of nature. A
composite of the Egyptian god Thoth and the Greek god Hermes, both of whom were associated
with the spirits of the dead, Hermes Trismegistus was the personification of universal wisdom.
However, it is likely that the writings attributed to him were actually the anonymous works of
early Christians.

The third element in the threefold foundation of Western occultism was the Cabala, the mystical
system of classical Judaism. Translated from the Hebrew as 'that which is received', the Cabala is
founded on the Torah (Jewish scriptures) and is a kind of map, given to Adam by angels and
handed down through the ages, by which our fallen species may find its way back to God. The
primary document of Cabalism is the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Creation), which was possibly
written in the third century by Rabbi Akiba, who was martyred by the Romans. According to the
Sefer Yetzirah, God created the world by means of 32 secret paths: the ten sephirot (or
emanations by which reality is structured) and the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet.

Between 1280 and 1286, the Spanish Cabalist Moses de Leon wrote the Sefer ha-Zohar (Book of
Splendour), the primary document of classical Cabalism. It is centred upon the Zohar, a body of
teachings developed by the second-century sage Rabbi Simeon bar Yohai during his meditation in
a cave near Lod, Israel. In the Zohar, God is referred to as Ein-Sof (without end), and as such
cannot be represented or known by fallen humanity. The human goal is to realise a union with
God and, since all of reality is connected, thereby to elevate all other souls in the Universe.

In the West, Cabalism came to form a principal foundation of occultism, with its magical amulets
and incantations, seals and demonology, and its concentration on the power inherent in the
letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Christian occultists focused on the Tetragrammaton YHVH, the
unspeakable name of God, through which it was possible to gain power over the entire Universe.
(24)

The occult revival in Europe came about primarily as a reaction to the rationalist Enlightenment
and materialism of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This lamentably but necessarily
brief look at its esoteric origins brings us to the emergence of Theosophy in the 1880s. The
prime mover behind Theosophy was Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831-1891). Her parents, Baron
von Hahn, a soldier and member of the lesser Russian-German nobility, and Madame von Hahn,
a romantic novelist and descendant of the noble house of Dolgorouky, led a somewhat unsettled
life: the baron's regiment was constantly on the move. Madame von Hahn died in 1842, when
Helena was eleven, an event which seems to have contributed to her waywardness and powerful
sense of individuality.

At seventeen she married Nikifor Blavatsky, Vice-Governor of Yerevan in the Caucasus, and 23
years her senior in July 1848. The marriage failed after only a few weeks and Helena left her
husband with the initial intention of returning to her father. However, she suddenly decided
instead to leave her family and country behind, boarded a steamer on the Black Sea and headed
for Constantinople. (25) For the next 25 years, she wandered through Europe, Asia and the
Americas. Although she may have had an allowance from her father, she also supported herself
in a variety of ways, including as a bareback rider in a circus, a piano teacher in London and
Paris, and also as an assistant to the famous medium Daniel Dunglas Home. This is pretty much
all that is known with any certainty about this period in her life: the rest is a confusing jumble of
rumour, contradiction and legend, much of which originated with Blavatsky herself.

During a trip to the United States in 1873, Blavatsky observed the enormous popularity of
Spiritualism. She had arrived with no money and had to live in a hostel for working women,
doing menial jobs such as sewing purses. At about this time, she met Henry Olcott (1832-1907),
whose New Jersey family claimed descent from the pilgrims. Apparent financial difficulties forced
Olcott to take up farming in Ohio, at which he seems to have excelled, gaining a position as
Agricultural Editor of the New York Tribune, until the outbreak of the Civil War, in which he
fought as a signals officer in the Union Army. When the war ended, Olcott headed to New York
to study for the Bar, and established a law practice there in the late 1860s. (26) In spite of a fair
degree of success in his profession, Olcott seems to have been rather dissatisfied with his lot: his
marriage was not happy, and eventually he divorced his wife. In search of some form of
intellectual diversion, he became interested in Spiritualism.

As his interest in the subject grew, Olcott began to investigate individual cases of alleged psychic
manifestations, including those occurring on the Eddy farm at Chittenden, Vermont. His
investigation of the events at Chittenden (which included spirit materialisations) were written up
as articles for a New York paper, the Daily Graphic. On 14 October 1874, Olcott met Blavatsky at
the Eddy farmhouse during one of his many visits there. Blavatsky had been intrigued by the
articles she had read in the Daily Graphic, and had decided to cultivate Olcott's friendship.

Greatly impressed with her apparent mediumistic skills, Olcott became Blavatsky's devotee and
publicist. From then until 1875, when she founded the Theosophical Society, Blavatsky earned a
comfortable living as a medium, only falling on hard times when the nationwide interest in

Spiritualism began to wane. In 1877, Blavatsky published Isis Unveiled, an exposition of Egyptian
occultism that, she claimed, had been dictated to her by spirits via a form of automatic writing,
and which argues, essentially, for the acceptance of occultism (hidden laws of nature) to be
accepted by orthodox science. Its effect - the book sold widely - was to soothe the minds of
those whose religious faith had been undermined by scientific rationalism, in particular the
theories on evolution and natural selection of Charles Darwin. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the book
was fiercely attacked in scholarly circles both for intellectual incompetence and out-and-out
plagiarism, with one critic identifying more than 2,000 unacknowledged quotations. (27)

Central to the mythos Blavatsky constructed for herself was her experience of living and
travelling for seven years in Tibet. (The number seven is of considerable magical significance,
and is the number of years required for initiates into occult mysteries to complete their
apprenticeship.) (28) She made the rather astonishing claim that she had studied with a group of
Hidden Masters in the Himalayas, under whose guidance she had reached the highest level of
initiation into the mysteries of the Universe. It is, however, extremely unlikely that a single white
woman with a considerable weight problem and no mountaineering experience could have made
the arduous trip up the Himalayas, succeeded in finding these 'Hidden Masters', and done so
without being spotted by the numerous Chinese, Russian and British patrols that were in the area
at that time. (29)

One of the Tibetan adepts with whom Blavatsky studied was named Master Morya. She actually
met him at the Great Exhibition in London in July 1851 (although she claimed to have met him in
visions on numerous occasions previously). Master Morya was a member of the Great White
Brotherhood of Masters, immortal, incorporeal beings who had achieved ultimate enlightenment,
but had elected to remain on Earth to guide humanity towards the same goal. We shall have a
good deal more to say on the Great White Brotherhood in Chapter Five, but for now let us return
to Madame Blavatsky.

In 1879, with the Theosophical Society not doing particularly well at recruiting converts,

Blavatsky decided to go to India, a logical choice in view of the emphasis placed on eastern
philosophy in Isis Unveiled. She and Olcott enjoyed a warm reception from various members of
Indian society, including the journalist A. P. Sinnett and the statesman Alien 0. Hume. In 1882,
they moved the society's headquarters to Adyar, near Madras. The new headquarters included a
shrine room in which the Hidden Masters would manifest in physical form. However, while
Blavatsky and Olcott were away touring Europe, Emma Coulomb and her husband, who had
managed the household but been dismissed after repeatedly attempting to secure financial loans
from the society's wealthy members, decided to take their revenge by publishing letters said by
them to have been written by Blavatsky and which contained instructions on how to operate the
secret panels in the shrine room, through which the 'Masters' appeared.

Unfortunately for Blavatsky, it was at this time that the Society for Psychical Research (SPR)
decided to investigate the mediumistic claims of Theosophy. Needless to say, when the
Coulombs' revelations of trickery came to light, the SPR issued a scathing report on Blavatsky
and her claims.

Injured by the scandal and with her health failing (she would later die of Bright's Disease),
Blavatsky left India and settled in London, where she began work on her second and (it is
generally acknowledged) greater book, The Secret Doctrine (published in 1888). Comprising two
main sections, 'Cosmogenesis' and 'Anthropogenesis', the book is nothing less than a history of
the Universe and intelligent life. The Secret Doctrine is allegedly a vast commentary on a
fantastically old (several million years) manuscript called The Stanzas of Dzyan, written in the
Atlantean language Senzar, and seen by Blavatsky in a monastery hidden far beneath the
Himalayas. The Stanzas tell how the Earth was colonised by spiritual beings from the Moon.
Humanity as we know it is descended from these remote ancestors via a series of so-called 'root
races'.

Lack of space prevents us from going too deeply into the contents of The Secret Doctrine. Suffice
to say that at the beginning of the Universe, the divine being differentiated itself into the
multitude of life forms that now inhabit the cosmos. The subsequent history of the Universe
passed through seven 'rounds' or cycles of being. The Universe experienced a fall from divine
grace through the first four rounds, and will rise again through the last three, until it is redeemed
in ultimate, divine unity, before the process begins again. (We would perhaps be well advised to
resist the temptation to compare this scheme with the similar-sounding Big Bang/Big Crunch
theory of universal evolution proposed by modern physicists: there is little else in the Stanzas
that orthodox science would find palatable.)

Each of these cosmic rounds saw the rise and fall of seven root races, whose destiny mirrored
exactly that of cosmic evolution, with the first four descending from the spiritual into the material
and the last three ascending once again. According to Blavatsky, humanity in its present form is
the fifth root race of Earth, which is itself passing through the fourth cosmic round. (The reader
may thus find it a considerable relief that we have a long period of spiritual improvement ahead
of us.) The first root race were completely noncorporeal Astral beings who lived in an invisible
land; the second race were the Hyperboreans, who lived on a lost polar continent (we will
examine the important concept of Hyperborea in detail in the next chapter); the third root race
were the Lemurians, fifteen-foot-tall brown-skinned hermaphrodites with four arms, who had the
misfortune to occupy the lowest point in the seven-stage cycle of humanity. For this reason, the
Lemurians, who lived on a now-sunken continent in the Indian Ocean, suffered a Fall from divine
grace: after dividing into two distinct sexes, they began to breed with beautiful but inferior races,
this miscegenation resulting in the birth of soulless monsters. The fourth root race were the
Atlanteans, who possessed highly advanced psychic powers and mediumistic skills. Gigantic like
the Lemurians and physically powerful, the Atlanteans built huge cities on their mid-Atlantic
continent. Their technology was also highly advanced, and was based on the application of a
universal electro-spiritual force known as Fohat - similar, it seems, to the vril force (see Chapter
Four). Unfortunately for the Atlanteans, although they were intelligent and powerful, they were
also possessed of a childlike innocence that made them vulnerable to the attentions of an evil
entity that corrupted them and caused them to turn to the use of black magic. This was to result
in a catastrophic war that led to the destruction of Atlantis. (30) The fifth root race, from which
we today are descended, was the Aryan race.

Theosophy placed a heavy emphasis on the importance of reincarnation and the concept of
hierarchy. Through reincarnation, the movement's followers could imagine themselves to have
participated in the fabulous prehistory of humanity in a variety of magical, exotic and long-lost
locations, while feeling assured that their souls were on a definite upward trajectory, heading for
spiritual salvation and ultimate unity with God. Of equal importance to the cosmic scheme were
hierarchy and elitism. As mentioned earlier, the Hidden Masters or Mahatmas of Tibet, such as
Master Morya and Koot Hoomi, were enlightened beings who had decided to remain on Earth to
guide the rest of humanity towards spiritual wisdom. This concept, along with Blavatsky's own
claim to hidden occult knowledge, is clearly based on the value of authority and hierarchy.
Indeed, this value is illustrated by the fate of the Lemurians, whose miscegenation caused their
Fall from divine grace. The only section of that society to remain pure was the elite priesthood,
which eventually retired to the wondrous city of Shambhala in what is now the Gobi Desert
(more of which in Chapter Four) and which is linked with the Hidden Masters of Tibet. (31)

As we have already noted, the central tenets of Theosophy offered a way for people in the late
nineteenth century to maintain their religious faith (or, at least, their faith in the existence of
some form of spirituality in the cosmos) while simultaneously accepting the validity of new
theories, such as evolution, that threatened to undermine their previously held world view.
However, for many people in Europe and America, scientific rationalism, rapid industrialisation
and urbanisation presented another threat to their long-established way of life. As an antidote to
the fears and uncertainties of modern life, Theosophy was particularly readily accepted in
Germany and Austria. As Goodrick-Clarke notes, it was well suited to the German protest

movement known as Lebensreform (life reform). 'This movement represented a middle-class
attempt to palliate the ills of modern life, deriving from the growth of the cities and industry. A
variety of alternative life-styles - including herbal and natural medicine, vegetarianism, nudism
and self-sufficient rural communes - were embraced by small groups of individuals who hoped to
restore themselves to a natural existence ... Theosophy was appropriate to the mood of
Lebensreform and provided a philosophical rationale for some of its groups.' (32)

Interest in Theosophy increased in Germany with the founding of the German Theosophical
Society on 22 July 1884 at Elberfeld. Blavatsky and Olcott were staying there at the home of
Marie Gebhard (1832-1892), a devotee of occultism who had corresponded frequently with the
famous French occultist and magician Eliphas Levi (Alphonse Louis Constant) (c. 1810-1875). Its
first president was Wilhelm Hubbe-Schleiden, then a senior civil servant at the Colonial Office in
Hamburg. Hubbe-Schleiden, who had travelled extensively throughout the world and was a keen
advocate of German colonial expansion abroad, was instrumental in gathering the isolated
Theosophists scattered throughout Germany into a consolidated German branch of the society.
Hubbe-Schleiden also did much to increase occult interest in Germany through the founding in
1886 of his periodical Die Sphinx, a scholarly blend of psychical research, the paranormal,
archaeology and Christian mysticism from a scientific viewpoint. As such it was firmly
Theosophical in tone, and included contributions from scientists, historians and philosophers.

(33)

Another great populariser of scientific occultism in Germany was Franz Hartmann (1838-1912),
who had also led a highly eventful life in Europe and the Americas, following a number of careers
such as soldier, doctor, coroner and mining speculator. Already interested in Spiritualism,
Hartmann was converted to Theosophy after reading Isis Unveiled and decided to travel to Adyar
to meet Blavatsky and Olcott in 1883. So impressed was Blavatsky with him that she appointed
him acting president of the Theosophical Society while she and Olcott travelled to Germany to
start the branch there. Hartmann remained there until 1885, when the Theosophists left India
following the Coulomb scandal.

Hartmann went on to found the occult periodical Lotusbluthen (Lotus Blossoms), which ran from
1892 to 1900 and was the first German publication to feature the swastika on its cover. (34) (In
eastern mysticism, the swastika is a symbol with many positive connotations; we will examine it
in detail in the next chapter.) The increased public interest generated by this periodical prompted
a number of German publishers to issue long book series dealing with a wide range of occult and
esoteric subjects, including the work of Annie Besant and Charles Leadbeater who took over the
Theosophical Society on Blavatsky's death in 1891.

The German branch of the society had been dissolved in 1885 when the Theosophists left India,
but was replaced by a new society founded in Berlin in August 1896 as a branch of the
International Theosophical Brotherhood in America, with Hartmann as president. Also on the
executive committee was one Paul Zillmann, who founded the monthly Metaphysische
Rundschau (Metaphysical Review) and who would later publish the works of the Ariosophists
(whom we shall meet shortly). By 1902, German Theosophy, which had hitherto suffered from
internecine rivalry, became far better coordinated under the two main centres at Berlin and
Leipzig.

In 1906, a Theosophical Publishing House was founded at Leipzig by Hugo Vollrath, a disciple of
Hartmann's, possibly to counter the new influence in occult circles of Theosophist Rudolf Steiner,
whose mystical Christian stance did not endear him to Annie Besant whose own outlook was
firmly Hindu. (Steiner would later leave and form his own Anthroposophical Society in 1912.) The
Theosophical Publishing House produced a large number of occult magazines and book series, in
competition with other publishers such as Karl Rohm, Johannes Baum and Max Altmann who had
turned their attention to this potentially lucrative field.

The public interest in occultism quickly grew in Vienna, which already had its own tradition of
esotericism and interest in paranormal phenomena. New occult groups were founded, including
the Association for Occultism, which had its own lending library, the Sphinx Reading Club and the
First Viennese Astrological Society. (35) In fact, it was in Vienna that the seeds of Germanic
occult racism were most liberally sown. The public disquiet at economic change, scientific
rationalism and rapid industrialisation and the threat they appeared to pose to traditional 'natural'
ways of life was palliated not only by occultist notions of the centrality and importance of
humanity within the wider cosmos (of the essential meaningfulness of existence), but also by the
volkisch ideology that assured Germans of the value and importance of their cultural identity.

This combination of culture and spirituality was expressed most forcefully through the doctrine of
Ariosophy, which originated in Vienna.

Ariosophy

The bizarre theories of Ariosophy constituted a mixture of racist volkisch ideology and the
Theosophical concepts of Madame Blavatsky. (As with the philosophy of Nietszche, Blavatsky's
ideas were hijacked and warped by German occultists and it should be remembered that neither
of these two would have advocated the violence and suffering that would later be perpetrated by
the Nazis: indeed, Nietszche disavowed anti-Semitism and called German nationalism an 'abyss
of stupidity'.)

The two principal personalities behind Ariosophy were Guido von List (1848-1919) and Jorg Lanz
von Liebenfels (1874-1954), both of whom added the undeserved particle 'von' (denoting
nobility) to their names. Born in Vienna to a prosperous middle-class family, List dreamed of the
reunification of Austria with Germany, and hated both Jews and Christians for the attacks he
perceived them to have made upon German culture, spirituality and territorial rights. A journalist
by trade, List also wrote novels about the ancient Teutons and the cult of Wotan, whose
hierarchy he came to call the Armanenschaft, a name derived from his spurious interpretation of
a Teutonic myth. According to the Roman author Tacitus in his Germania, the Teutons believed
that their people were descended from the god Tuisco and his son, Mannus. Mannus had three
sons, after whom the ancient German tribes were named: Ingaevones, Hermiones and
Istaevones. With no scholarly evidence to back him up, List decided that these names referred to
the agricultural, intellectual and military estates within the Germanic nation. The word
Armanenschaft derived from List's Germanisation of Hermiones, the intellectual or priestly estate,
to 'Armanen'. List claimed that the profoundly wise Armanenschaft was the governing body of
the ancient society. (36)

List's codification of his beliefs regarding the ancient and racially pure Teutons led to a profound
interest in the symbolism of heraldry and the secrets allegedly contained in the runic alphabet,
an interest that included the mystical significance of the swastika which he identified (at least in
terms of its power and significance) with the Christian Cross and the Jewish Star of David. (As
indicated earlier, we shall examine the origin and meaning of the swastika in the next chapter.)
By 1902, as a result of a period of enforced inactivity following a cataract operation that left him
blind for eleven months, List had devoted much thought to the nature of the proto-Aryan
language he believed was encoded in the ancient runes.

His occult-racist-mystical theories, including an exposition on the Aryan proto- language, did not
find particular favour with the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna, which returned without
comment a thesis he had sent. Nevertheless, the anti-Semitic elements in German and Austrian
society began to take note, and in 1907 a List Society was formed to provide financial aid in his
researches. List's spurious historiography and archaeology provided a pseudo-scientific basis for
both racism and extreme nationalism, and enabled the German Volk to trace their ancestry back
to the splendour and racial purity of the ancient Teutons and their cult of Wotanism.

The cult of Wotan arose primarily from List's beliefs regarding the religious practices of the
ancient Teutons, whom he considered to have been persecuted by Christians in early medieval

Germany. In List's view, the Old Norse poems of Iceland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden, the
Eddas, were actually chronicles of the myths of the ancient Germans. The Eddas were composed
of songs, manuals of poetry and works of history telling the story of the ancient Teutonic
pantheon of gods and the numerous secondary divinities who were their cohorts. In fact, we
have almost no record of the myths and beliefs of the ancestors of the Germans and Anglo-
Saxons. According to conventional studies of mythology:

For the Germanic tribes of the West, the ancestors of the Germans and Anglo-Saxons,
documentary sources of information are sparse. Latin historians like Caesar and Tacitus had at
their disposal only second-hand information and they attempted to explain Teutonic religion in
terms of Roman religion. For instance, Donar, the thunder-god, became for them Jupiter tonans.
Woden received the name Mercury and Tiw [the sky-god] was called Mars. The missionaries,
monks and clerks who, from the eighth century, pursued their work of conversion and were at
the same time the first to write the German language could, had they wished to, have given us a
complete picture of German mythology in the early centuries. But their chief concern was to save
souls. Hence they scarcely alluded to pagan myths except to condemn them. We should know
practically

nothing of the old German beliefs if 'popular' tales and epics had not preserved much that
pertains to secondary divinities, demons, giants and spirits of all sorts. (37) [Original emphasis.]

In the Eddas, Wotan (whose name derives from the word in all Germanic languages meaning
fury, and which in modern German is wuten, to rage) was the god of war, whom dead heroes
met in Valhalla. It was Wotan who gained an understanding of the runes after being wounded by
a spear and hanging from a tree for nine nights, and who related the eighteen runic spells that
held the secrets of immortality, invincibility in battle, healing abilities and control of the elements.
In Norse legend, the runes are not only a system of writing but also possess an inherent magical
power. Goodrick-Clarke describes List as 'the pioneer of volkisch rune occultism', (38) since he
was the first to link the runes of a certain written series with Wotan's runic spells. 'List attributed
a specific individual rune to each of Wotan's verses, adding occult meanings and a summary
motto of the spell. These occult meanings and mottoes were supposed to represent the doctrine
and maxims of the rediscovered religion of Wotanism. Typical mottoes were: "Know yourself,
then you know everything!" ... and "Man is one with God!"' (39)

The central tenet of Wotanism was the cyclical nature of the Universe, which proceeded through
a series of transformations: 'birth', 'being', 'death' and 'rebirth'. This cyclical cosmology was a
primal law and represented the presence of God in Nature. Since Man was part of the cosmos,
he was bound by its laws and thus required to live in harmony with the natural world. 'A close
identity with one's folk and race was reckoned a logical consequence of this closeness to Nature.'
(40)

List also utilised Theosophical concepts in his development of Wotanism, in particular those of
Max Ferdinand Sebaldt von Werth who wrote extensively on Aryan sexuality and racial purity.
Sebaldt believed that the Universe was whisked into being by the god Mundelfori, and that its
fundamental nature was one of the interaction of opposites, such as matter and spirit, and male
and female. Aryan superiority could therefore only be achieved through a union of racially 'pure
opposites'. In September 1903, List published an article in the Viennese occult periodical Die
Gnosis that drew heavily on this idea, referring to ancient Aryan cosmology and sexuality. The
phases of this cosmology were illustrated with variations on the swastika, the Hindu symbol of
the Sun, that List appropriated and corrupted to denote the unconquerable and racially pure
Germanic hero. (41)

List was also heavily influenced by legends of lost civilisations and sunken continents, such as the
fabled lands of Atlantis and Lemuria, and by the theosophical writings of Madame Blavatsky. He
went so far as to compare the Wotanist priesthood with the hierophants of Blavatsky's The
Secret Doctrine. Theosophical concepts also formed the basis of his Die Religion der Ario-

Germanen (1910), in which he devoted considerable space to the Hindu cosmic cycles which had
inspired Blavatsky's concept of 'rounds' or cosmological cycles. List identified the four rounds of
fire, air, water and earth with 'the mythological Teutonic realms of Muspilheim, Asgard,
Wanenheim and Midgard, which were tenanted respectively by fire-dragons, air-gods, water-
giants and mankind'. (42) These realms lie at the centre of the Nordic creation myth. At the
dawn of time, there was nothing but a vast, yawning abyss. Niflheim, a realm of clouds and
shadows, formed to the north of the abyss, while to the south formed the land of fire called
Muspilheim. When Ymir, the first living being and the father of all the giants, was slain in battle,
his body was raised from the sea and formed the earth, Midgard. (43) According to List, the Ario-
Germans were the fifth race in the present round, the preceding four corresponding to the
mythical Teutonic giants.

Wotanist doctrine held that the natural evolutionary cycle of the Universe was from unity to
multiplicity and back to unity. The first stage of this evolution (unity to multiplicity) was
represented symbolically by anticlockwise triskelions and swastikas and inverted triangles. The
second stage (multiplicity back to the unity of the godhead) was represented by clockwise and
upright symbols. In this scheme, the Ario-German was seen as the highest possible form of life,
since he occupied the 'zenith of multiplicity at the outermost limit of the cycle'. (44)

List was a fervent believer in the lost civilisations of Atlantis and Lemuria, and claimed that the
prehistoric megaliths of Lower Austria were actually Atlantean artefacts.

In his Die Ursprache der Ario-Germanen (The Proto-Language of the Ario-Germans) (1914), he
included a chart comparing the geological periods of Earth with a Hindu kalpa (4,320,000,000
years), which also corresponded to a single theosophical round. We will have much more to say
on the Ariosophist belief in lost civilisations later in this chapter, and in the next.

For now, let us turn our attention to the other principal personality in Ariosophy, List's young
follower Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels, who founded the notorious anti-Semitic hate sheet Ostara and
created the Order of the New Templars in 1907. Like his mentor List, Liebenfels had a middle-
class Viennese upbringing, which he would later deny in favour of an imagined aristocratic
background.

Liebenfels chose as a headquarters for the Order of the New Templars a ruined castle, Burg
Werfenstein, perched on a cliff on the shores of the River Danube between Linz and Vienna. He
was obsessed with the idea of a Manichaean struggle between the 'blond' race (characterised by
creativity and heroism) and the dark 'beast-men', who were consumed with lust for 'blonde'
women and who were bent on the corruption of human culture. Two years earlier, Liebenfels had
established the racist periodical Ostara (named after the pagan goddess of spring) that called
repeatedly for the restoration of the 'blond race' as the dominant force in the world. This could
only be achieved through racial purity, the forced sterilisation or extermination of inferior races,
and the destruction of socialism, democracy and feminism. (45)

These racist concerns led Liebenfels to conceive the bizarre notion of founding a chivalrous order
based on the monastic and military orders of the Crusades. As Goodrick-Clarke notes, Liebenfels
had been drawn since childhood to 'the Middle Ages and its pageant of knights, noblemen, and
monks. His decision to enter the Cistercian noviciate owed much to these sentiments, and it is
likely that his adult desire to identify with the aristocracy derived from similar fantasies.' (46)
Liebenfels's fantasies also included holy orders, which perhaps naturally resulted in an intense
interest in the Order of the Knights Templar. This interest was fuelled by the medieval Grail
Romances, which were at the time enjoying a widespread popularity due to their treatment by
Richard Wagner in his operas. To Liebenfels and many of his contemporaries, such romances
were significant in their painting of the Grail Knights as searchers after sublime and eternal
values: this view provided a powerful antidote to the hated modern world with its rampant
industrialisation and materialism.

The most renowned and applauded Order in Christendom at the time of the Crusades was
undoubtedly the Knights Templar, and Liebenfels developed a fantasy in which these knights
became champions of a racist struggle for a Germanic order that would enjoy a hegemony over
the Mediterranean and the Middle East. According to Goodrick-Clarke:

In 1913 he published a short study, in which the grail was interpreted as an electrical symbol
pertaining to the 'panpsychic' powers of the pure-blooded Aryan race. The quest of the
'Templeisen' for the Grail was a metaphor for the strict eugenic practices of the Templar knights
designed to breed god-men. The Templars had become the key historical agent of [Liebenfels's]
sexo-racist gnosis before 1914. (47)

At this point, it is worth looking very briefly at the history of the Knights Templar and how their
rise and fall influenced Liebenfels's Weltanschauung (world view). The Order of the Knights
Templar became one of the most powerful monastic societies in twelfth-century Europe, and
came to symbolise the Christian struggle against the infidel. In AD 1118, a knight from
Champagne named Hugh of Payens persuaded King Baldwin I of Boulogne (whose elder brother,
Godfrey, had captured Jerusalem nineteen years before) to install Payens and eight other French
noblemen in a wing of the royal palace, the former mosque al-Aqsa, near the site where King
Solomon's Temple had allegedly once stood in the Holy Land. The Order later comprised three
classes: the knights, all of noble birth; the sergeants, drawn from the bourgeoisie, who were
grooms and stewards; and the clerics, who were chaplains and performed non-military tasks.

(48) Choosing the name Militia Templi (Soldiers of the Temple), (49) they vowed to defend the
mysteries of the Christian faith and Christians travelling to the holy places. The Order initially
derived its power from St Bernard of Clairvaux, head of the Cistercian Order, and from Pope
Honorius II, who officially recognised the Templars as a separate Order in 1128. (50) It is
believed that the Templars took their inspiration from the Hospitallers, who protected Catholic
pilgrims in Palestine and pledged themselves to a life of chastity and poverty.

The Seal of the Templars showed two knights riding on a single horse - a sign of their poverty
(at least in their early days); the design was retained for decades after the Order had become
one of the richest of the time. (51) The vast wealth that the Templars were to acquire was partly
the result of the Order's exemption from local taxes, coupled with their ability to levy their own
taxes on the community. The Templars honoured their vow of poverty for the first nine years of
their existence, relying on donations from the pious even for their clothes. Their battle standard
was a red eight-pointed cross on a black-and-white background; their battle cry was 'Vive Dieu,
Saint Amour' ('God Lives, Saint Love'), and their motto was 'Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed
Nomini Tuo da gloriam' ('Not for us, Lord, not for us, but to Thy Name give glory'). (52)

Over the next century and a half, the Templars amassed a truly staggering amount of wealth,
property (with over seven thousand estates in Europe) and power, and had branches throughout
Europe and the Middle East, all run from their headquarters in Paris. This led to jealous rivalries,
and during the Crusades rumours began to circulate that the Templars were not the pious
Christian knights many believed them to be. Attention was focused on their secret rituals, which
their enemies claimed were centred upon their worship of Allah; others suspected them of
actually worshipping the demon Baphomet, practising horrendous black magic rites involving
sodomy, bestiality and human sacrifice, of despising the Pope and the Catholic Church, and
various other crimes.

In 1307, King Philip IV of France, heavily in debt to the Templars, decided to use these rumours
in an attempt to engineer their downfall. On 13 October, he seized their Temple in Paris and
arrested the Grand Master, Jacques de Molay, and 140 Templars, whom he subjected to horrible
tortures in order to secure confessions. Philip persuaded Pope Clement V to authorise the seizure
of all Templar properties. Pope Clement abolished the Order in 1312 at the Council of Vienne,
and transferred its properties to the Hospitallers, in return for the money Philip claimed was
owed by the Templars. (53)

Jacques de Molay was promised life in prison if he made a public confession of the Order's
crimes. Instead, he made a public proclamation of the Order's innocence of all crimes with which
it had been charged, and for this he was burned at the stake. However, this was apparently not
the end of the Knights Templar: there have been persistent rumours that those Templars who
managed to evade capture fled to Scotland disguised as stonemasons and created the society of
Freemasons. It has also been suggested that a Templar named Geoffroy de Gonneville received
a message from de Molay shortly before his death and took it to a group of Templars meeting in
Dalmatia. The message stated that the Order would be revived in 600 years' time. Before
disbanding, the Templars at this meeting allegedly created the Order of the Rose-Croix, or
Rosicrucians. (54)

To Lanz von Liebenfels, the brutal suppression of the Knights Templar and the appropriation of
their wealth and property represented the victory of racial inferiors over a society of heroic men.
The result was racial chaos, the corruption of 'ario-Christian' civilisation and the disorder of the
modern world. (55) For this reason, Liebenfels decided to resurrect the Order in the form of his
Ordo Novi Templi (ONT). He described the Order as an 'Aryan mutual-aid association founded to
foster racial consciousness through genealogical and heraldic research, beauty-contests, and the
foundation of racist Utopias in the underdeveloped parts of the world'. (56)

The early activities of the ONT revolved around festivals and concerts, with hundreds of guests
being shipped in by steamer from Vienna. They were routinely reported in the press, thus
ensuring a wider audience for Liebenfels and the racist ideas presented in Ostara. Membership of
the ONT was naturally restricted to those who could prove that they were of pure Aryan blood
and who would vow to protect the interests of their (racial) brothers.

Two years before he founded the ONT, Liebenfels had published a book with the incredibly odd
title Theozoologie oder die Kunder von den Sodoms-Afflingen und dem Gotter-Elektron (Theo-
zoology or the Lore of the Sodom-Apelings and the Electron of the Gods). The word 'theo-
zoology' was arrived at through the amalgamation of Judaeo-Christian doctrine and the principles
of the then-burgeoning field of life-sciences. Using the Old and New Testaments as departure
points, Liebenfels divided his book into two sections, the first dealing with the origin of humanity
in a race of beast-men (Anthropozoa) spawned by Adam. In his warped and bizarre view of
antiquity, Liebenfels utilised new scientific discoveries such as radiation and radio
communication, which at that time had a powerful hold on the public imagination.

Liebenfels applied these discoveries in his description of the gods, which held that they were not
really gods at all, but higher forms of life (Theozoa) who possessed fantastic mental faculties
including telepathy (which was actually the transmission of electrical signals between the brains
of the Theozoa). Through the millennia, these god-men gradually lost these faculties through
miscegenation with the beast-men of Adam, until their telepathic sense organs became atrophied
as the pineal and pituitary glands of modern humanity. As Goodrick-Clarke notes, (57) Liebenfels
based this declaration in part on the work of the zoologist Wilhelm Bolsche (1861-1939), who in
turn seems to have been inspired by Theosophy. At any rate, Liebenfels believed that the only
way for Germans to reclaim their ancient godhood was through the enforced sterilisation and
castration of 'inferior races', to prevent the pollution of pure Aryan blood. (58)

The second section of Liebenfels's book concerned the life of Christ (whose powers were once
again electrical in nature) and the redemption of the Aryan people, who had been corrupted by
the promiscuous activities of the other races of Earth. This idea of the Aryan struggle against the
pernicious vices of other races in effect replaced the traditional Judaeo-Christian concept of the
struggle between good and evil. Liebenfels argued for the most extreme measures in the pursuit
of Aryan re-deification: since the poor and underprivileged in society were identified with the
progeny of the inferior races, they would have to be either exterminated (by incineration as a
sacrifice to God), deported or used as slave labour. This constituted the inversion of traditional
Judaeo-Christian compassion for the poor, weak and handicapped in the new form of Social
Darwinism, with its central tenet of survival of the fittest at the expense of the weakest. These

horrific methods of ensuring the survival of pure-blooded Aryans proposed by Liebenfels would,
of course, become hideous reality in the Third Reich.

Although List's and Liebenfels's ideas were inherently hateful and violent, they remained just
that: ideas. Many of their followers became more and more restless and dissatisfied with their
lack of action against the perceived threat to the Aryan race from the various inferior beings with
whom they were forced to share their nation, in particular the Jews, who were blamed for the
perceived evils of urbanisation, industrialisation and the threat to the traditional rural way of life
of the Aryan peasant-hero. Many came to believe that the time for scholarly theorising was past,
that the time for direct action had come.

The Germanenorden

In May 1912, a meeting was held at the Leipzig home of Theodor Fritsch. At this meeting were
approximately twenty prominent Pan-Germans and anti-Semites. Their purpose was to found two
groups to alert Germans to the dangers to small businesses they perceived as arising from the
influence of Jewish business and finance. These groups were known as the Reichshammerbund
and the Germanenorden (Order of Germans). Born on 28 October 1852, Fritsch, the son of
Saxon peasants, had trained as a milling engineer, and had edited the Kleine Muhlen-Journal
(Small-Mills Journal). In common with other activists of the time, his anti-Semitism arose
principally from a fear of rapid industrialisation, technology and mass production, driven by
international Jewish influence, and the threat it posed to small tradesmen and craftsmen.

In spite of his political leanings, Fritsch decided against becoming a candidate for either of the
two German anti-Semitic parties, the Deutsch-Soziale Partei and the Antisemitische Volkspartei,
which had been established at Bochum in 1889, since he did not believe that anti-Semitism
would prove successful in parliament. As Goodrick-Clarke notes, Fritsch's 'conviction in the
ineffectiveness of parliamentary anti-Semitism proved to be correct. When more than one party
existed after the Bochum conference, their competition led to a reduction in the number of
successful anti-Semitic candidates at the Reichstag elections.' (59) In addition, the merging of
the two parties in 1894 as the Deutsch-Soziale Reformpartei resulted in a significant reduction in
anti-Semitism in favour of 'an appeal to more conservative and middle-class economic interests'.
(60)

At this time, in the mid-1860s, racist writers such as the French aristocrat Comte Vacher de
Lapouge and the Germanised Englishman Houston Stewart Chamberlain were influenced by
biology and zoology, and were concentrating more on 'scientific' studies of race (although they
were, of course, nothing of the kind). It was these writers who identified the Jews as the
greatest threat to the supremacy of the Aryan race, and attempted to back up their ideas with
reference to physical characteristics such as hair and eye colouring, and the shape of the skull.
(61) For de Lapouge, Jews were more pernicious than any other race because they had
insinuated themselves so completely into European society, (62) while Chamberlain in particular
did much to popularise mystical racism in Germany. According to Stanley G. Payne:

Beyond the Aryan racial stereotype (tall, blond, blue-eyed) [Chamberlain] affirmed the existence
of a special 'race soul' that created a more imaginative and profound spirit in Aryans and
produced a 'German religion', though the latter was still (in part) vaguely related to Christianity.
The ultimate anti-Aryan and most bitter racial foe was the Jew. Chamberlain combined Social
Darwinism with racism and thus emphasized an endless racial struggle on behalf of the purity of
Aryanism and against Jews and lesser peoples [including Slavs and Latins], virtually creating a
scenario for race war. (63)

In order to fulfil his ambition to create a powerful anti-Semitic movement outside the ineffectual
parliament, Fritsch founded a periodical called the Hammer in January 1902. By 1905, its
readership had reached 3,000. These readers formed themselves into Hammer-Gemeinden
(Hammer-Groups), changing their name in 1908 to Deutsche Erneuerungs-Gemeinde (German

Renewal Groups). '[T]heir membership was interested in anti-capitalist forms of land reform
designed to invigorate the peasantry, the garden city movement, and Lebensreform.' (64)

The Reichstag elections of January 1912 saw a humiliating defeat for Conservatives and anti-
Semites, who lost 41 of their 109 seats, while the Social Democratic Party increased their seats
from 43 to 110. (65) In the Hammer, Fritsch favourably reviewed a violently anti-Semitic book
entitled Wenn ich der Kaiser war! (If I were Kaiser!) by the chairman of the Pan-German League,
Heinrich Class, and decided that the time was right to act in the formation of an anti-Semitic
organisation that would not be subject to the control or influence of any party.

As already stated, at the meeting in Fritsch's Leipzig home on 24 May 1912 two groups were
established: the Reichshammerbund, which combined all existing Hammer-Groups, and the
Germanenorden, whose secret nature reflected the conviction of anti-Semites that Jewish
influence in public life could only be the result of a secret international conspiracy and as such
could only be combated by a quasi-Masonic lodge whose members' names would be withheld to
prevent enemy infiltration. (66)

Germanenorden lodges were established throughout Northern and Eastern Germany that year,
and called for the rebirth of a racially pure Germany from which the 'parasitic' Jews would be
deported. By July, lodges had been established at Breslau, Dresden, Konigsberg, Berlin and
Hamburg. By the end of 1912, the Germanenorden claimed 316 brothers. (67) The main purpose
of these lodges was to monitor Jewish activities; in addition, lodge members aided each other in
business dealings and other matters.

The Germanenorden was heavily influenced by the doctrines of Ariosophy. Any German wishing
to join the order was required to supply details of hair, eye and skin colour, and also had to
prove beyond any doubt that they were of pure Aryan descent. Anyone suffering from a physical
handicap - and for that matter, anyone who looked 'unpleasant' - was barred from membership.
Ariosophy also inspired the emblems used by the Order. According to Goodrick-Clarke: 'From the
middle of 1916 the official Order newsletter, the Allgemeine Ordens-Nachrichten, began to
display on its front cover a curved-armed swastika superimposed upon a cross ... Although the
swastika was current among several contemporary volkisch associations in Germany, it was
through the Germanenorden and the Thule Society, its successor organization in post-war
Munich, that this device came to be adopted by the National Socialists.' (68)

The initiation rituals of the Germanenorden were somewhat bizarre, to say the least. Initiation
would take place in the ceremonial room of the lodge, where the blindfolded novice would
encounter the Master, two Knights in white robes and horned helmets, the Treasurer and
Secretary with white Masonic sashes, and the Herald, who stood at the centre of the room. 'At
the back of the room in the grove of the Grail stood the Bard in a white gown, before him the
Master of Ceremonies in a blue gown, while the other lodge brothers stood in a semicircle around
him as far as the tables of the Treasurer and Secretary. Behind the grove of the Grail was a
music room where a harmonium and piano were accompanied by a small choir of ''forest elves".'
(69)

Upon commencement of the ceremony, the brothers sang the Pilgrims' Chorus from Wagner's
Tannhauser, while the brothers made the sign of the swastika. The novice was then informed of
the Order's world-view, and the Bard lit the sacred flame in the grove of the Grail. 'At this point
the Master seized Wotan's spear and held it before him, while the two Knights crossed their
swords upon it. A series of calls and responses, accompanied by music from Lohengrin,
completed the oath of the novices.' (70)

With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Germanenorden began to suffer problems,
both with membership and finance. Many members of the Order were killed in action, and the
Order's chief, Hermann Pohl, feared that the war would ultimately result in its destruction. At
that time, Pohl's leadership abilities were coming under attack from several high-ranking
members who were becoming tired of the emphasis he placed on ritual and ceremony of the

type indicated above. On 8 October 1916, representatives of the Berlin lodge suggested that Pohl
should be relieved of his position, to which Pohl responded by declaring the formation of a
breakaway order, the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail. The original Order was then
headed by General-major Erwin von Heimerdinger. (71)

Following the schism of 1916, the Germanenorden became seriously weakened, with many
members confused as to its status (many assumed that it had been disbanded). However, the
end of the war in November 1918 saw attempts to revive its fortunes and influence. Grand
Master Eberhard von Brockhusen believed that the Order would benefit from a constitution,
which he succeeded in establishing in 1921, 'which provided for an extraordinarily complex
organization of grades, rings, and provincial "citadels" (Burgen) supposed to generate secrecy for
a nationwide system of local groups having many links with militant volkisch associations ..,' (72)

In the post-war period, the Germanenorden's verbal violence was transformed into murderous
activities against public figures. The new Republic was, of course, despised as a symbol of
defeat, and it was the Germanenorden that ordered the assassination of Matthias Erzberger, the
former Reich Finance Minister and head of the German delegation to Compiegne (one of the so-
called 'November criminals') (73) who had signed the armistice. His killers, Heinrich Schulz and
Heinrich Tillessen, had settled in Regensburg in 1920, where they met Lorenz Mesch, the local
leader of the Germanenorden. Since they had become interested in volkisch ideology after the
end of the war, and were heavily influenced by its propaganda, the Order chose them to
assassinate Erzberger, which they did in August 1921.

From 1921, the Germanenorden became the focus for right-wing and anti-Semitic sentiments in
the hated Weimar Republic. When Rudolf von Sebottendorff joined Hermann Pohl's breakaway
Germanenorden Walvater in 1917, the seed of the legendary Thule Society was sown.

The Thule Society

The mythology surrounding the Arctic realm of Thule has its origins in another myth, that of
Atlantis. Although the 'lost continent' of Atlantis was held for centuries to have existed in the
Atlantic Ocean 'beyond the Pillars of Hercules' (according to Plato in two of his dialogues, the
Timaeus and Critias), this view was challenged in the late seventeenth century by the Swedish
writer Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1702) who claimed that the lost civilisation, which had conquered
North Africa and much of Europe 9,000 years before, had actually been centred in Sweden.

This curious notion was taken up in the mid -eighteenth century by a French astronomer and
mystic named Jean-Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793) who came to the conclusion that the great
achievements of civilisations such as Egypt and China were the result of knowledge inherited
from a vastly superior antediluvian culture that had resided in the far North. According to Bailly,
when the Earth was younger, its interior heat was much greater, and consequently the North
Polar regions must have enjoyed a temperate climate in remote antiquity. Combining this idea
with his belief that such climates are the most conducive to science and civilisation, Bailly
identified Rudbeck's Atlanteans with the Hyperboreans of classical legend. The placing of this
high civilisation in the far north resulted in the Nordic physique (tall, blond-haired and blue-eyed)
being seen as the ultimate human ideal.

The origin of the Nazi concept of Thule and the Thule Society can be traced to Guido von List,
Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels and Rudolf von Sebottendorff (1875-1945). As we have already noted,
all three added the particle 'von', suggesting noble descent, to their otherwise undistinguished
names. As Joscelyn Godwin observes in his study of Polar mythology, Arktos (1993), 'One of the
hallmarks of master-race philosophy is that no one is known to have embraced it who does not
consider himself a member of that race. And what is more tempting, having once adopted the
belief that one's own race is chosen by Nature or God for pre-eminence, than to put oneself at its
aristocratic summit?' (74)

As we have seen, in 1907, Liebenfels founded the ritualistic and virulently racist Order of the
New Templars, which had the dubious distinction of serving as the prototype for Heinrich
Himmler's SS (Schutzstaffel). Liebenfels was an avid student of Madame Blavatsky, who
developed the notion that humanity was descended from a series of 'Root Races' that had
degenerated throughout the millennia from a pure spiritual nature to the crude and barbarous
beings of the present. According to Blavatsky, the origin of the anthropoid apes could be
explained as the result of bestiality committed by the Third Root Race of humanity with
monsters. Liebenfels in effect hijacked this concept and twisted it in the most appalling way,
claiming that the non-Aryan races were the result of bestiality committed by the original Aryans
after their departure from the paradise of their northern homeland, a lost continent he called
Arktogaa (from the Greek, meaning 'northern earth').

These ideas found favour with Guido von List, like Liebenfels a native of Vienna, who was
instrumental in the development of the volkisch movement. As we saw earlier, this movement
was characterised by a love of unspoiled Nature, vegetarianism, ancient wisdom, astrology and
earth energies. List had already played a crucial role in the founding of the secret, quasi-Masonic
Germanenorden, whose aim was to counter what its members saw as the corruption by Jewry of
German public life that was clearly the result of a secret international conspiracy. The
Germanenorden was still active during the First World War, publishing a newsletter and placing
advertisements in newspapers inviting men and women 'of pure Aryan descent' to join its ranks.

It was in response to one of these advertisements that Rudolph von Sebottendorff met the
leader of the Germanenorden, Hermann Pohl.

Sebottendorff had originally intended to be an engineer; however, having failed to complete his
studies at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Polytechnic, and thus having little chance of qualified
employment in Germany, he decided to go to sea. In 1900, after service on a number of
steamships, and an abortive career as a gold prospector in Western Australia, Sebottendorff
made his way first to Egypt and then to Turkey, where he immersed himself in a study of the
Turkish people and cultivated an intense interest in occult science and ancient theocracies.

By 1916, Sebottendorff, now married, had settled in Bad Aibling, a fashionable Bavarian spa. At
their meeting in Berlin in September of that year, Sebottendorff learned of Pohl's conviction that
contamination by other races (particularly Jews) had robbed the Aryan race of its knowledge of
magical power, and that this knowledge could only be regained through racial purity. On his
return to Bad Aibling, Sebottendorff immediately set about organising a recruitment campaign for
the Germanenorden in Bavaria.

In 1918, Sebottendorff met an art student named Walter Nauhaus who had been badly wounded
on the Western Front in 1914 and had been invalided out of the war. Nauhaus shared
Sebottendorff's intense interest in the occult, and soon became an invaluable colleague in the
Bavarian recruitment campaign for the Germanenorden. It was Nauhaus who suggested that the
name of the order be changed from Germanenorden to Thule Gesellschaft (Thule Society), in
order, according to Goodrick-Clarke, to 'spare it the unwelcome attentions of socialist and pro-
Republican elements'. (75) The ceremonial foundation of the Thule Society took place on 17
August 1918. The society met at the fashionable Hotel Vierjahreszeiten in Munich, in rooms
decorated with the Thule emblem: a long dagger, its blade surrounded by oak leaves,
superimposed on a shining, curved-armed swastika.

On the eve of the Armistice that signalled German defeat in the First World War, the Thule
Society, appalled at the prospect of the Kaiser abdicating, not to mention the revolution in
Bavaria which had seen the seizure of authority by the Soviet Workers' and Soldiers' Councils,
held a meeting on 9 November 1918, at which Sebottendorff made an impassioned exhortation
to his fellow Thuleans:

Yesterday we experienced the collapse of everything which was familiar, dear and valuable to us.
In the place of our princes of Germanic blood rules our deadly enemy: Judah. What will come of

this chaos, we do not know yet. But we can guess. A time will come of struggle, the most bitter
need, a time of danger [...] I am determined to pledge the Thule Society to this struggle. Our
Order is a Germanic Order, loyalty is also Germanic. [...] And the eagle is the symbol of the
Aryans. In order to depict the eagle's capacity for self-immolation by fire, it is coloured red. From
today on our symbol is the red eagle, which warns us that we must die in order to live. (76)

The Thule Society continued to meet at the Hotel Vierjahreszeiten, while Sebottendorff extended
its influence from the upper and middle classes to the working classes via the use of popular
journalism. Fie achieved this by purchasing for 5,000 marks a minor weekly newspaper,
published in Munich and called the Beobachter, in 1918. Renaming the paper the Munchener
Beobachter und Sportblatt, Sebottendorff added sports features to attract a more youthful,
working-class readership for the anti-Semitic editorials that had been carried over from the
paper's previous proprietor, Franz Eher. (In 1920, the Munchener Beobachter und Sportblatt
became the Volkischer Beobachter, which would later be the official newspaper of the Nazi
Party.)

On 26 April 1919, seven members of the Thule Society were captured by Communists and taken
to the Luitpold Gymnasium, which had served as a Red Army post for the previous two weeks.
The hostages included Walter Nauhaus, Countess Hella von Westarp (secretary of the society)
and Prince Gustav von Thurn und Taxis (who had many relatives in the royal families of Europe).
Four days later, on 30 April, the hostages were shot in the cellar of the Gymnasium as a reprisal
for the killing of Red prisoners at Starnberg. The killing of the Thule Society members had the
effect of catalysing a violent popular uprising in Munich that, with the aid of White troops
entering the city on 1 May, ensured the demise of the Communist Republic.

In 1918, Sebottendorff had succeeded in extending the journalistic influence of the Thule Society
to the working classes by asking a sports reporter on a Munich evening paper, Karl Flarrer, who
had an intense interest in volkisch ideology, to form a workers' ring. This small group met every
week throughout the winter of 1918, and discussed such topics as the defeat of Germany and
the Jewish enemy. At the instigation of Anton Drexler, the workers' ring became the Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei (German Workers' Party) (DAP) on 5 January 1919. In February 1920, the DAP
was transformed into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). By that time, the
party had already been infiltrated by an army spy whose orders had been to monitor its
activities. Instead, he supported it, drafted new regulations for the committee, and soon became
its President. His name was Adolf Hitler.

The Edda Society

As we saw earlier in this chapter, Guido von List and his followers believed that the Icelandic
Eddas were chronicles of the ancient Aryans. List's occult-historical system was elaborated upon
by Rudolf John Gorsleben (1883-1930), a playwright-turned-journalist who was born in Metz and
grew up in Alsace-Lorraine (annexed by the German Reich in 1871). In this environment, in
which people's loyalties were divided between France and Germany, Gorsleben was exposed to
Pan-German nationalism and succeeded in tracing his ancestry back to a fourteenth-century
noble family in Thuringia. (77)

At the outbreak of the First World War, Gorsleben fought first in a Bavarian regiment and then in
a unit attached to the Turkish army in Arabia When the war ended he went to Munich, where he
became involved with the Thule Society and right-wing politics. During an eventful three years,
Gorsleben became Gauleiter of the South Bavarian section of the Deutsch volkischer Schutz- und
Trutzbund, an anti-Semitic group that was competing with the early Nazi Party. Fie formed
associations with right-wing figures such as Julius Streicher, who would later edit the Nazi organ
Der Stunner, and Lorenz Mesch, the Germanenorden chief who had been instrumental in the
assassination of Erzberger.

Through his periodical Deutsche Freiheit (German Freedom) -later renamed Arische Freiheit
(Aryan Freedom) - Gorsleben disseminated his occult racist ideas, which centred upon the
concept of racial purity and the reactivation of the occult powers that every Aryan possessed but
which had become atrophied. With these magical powers once more at their fullest, the Aryan
would hold complete sway over the processes of nature, and would thus be in a position to
dominate and rule the world. Fie reiterated the volkisch notion that racial mixing was not only
detrimental to the superior partner but also that a female could be tainted merely by intercourse
with a racial inferior, and that all subsequent offspring, even if conceived with a racial equal,
would likewise be tainted. (78)

With regard to the Eddas, Gorsleben believed that the Scandinavian runes contained an inherent
magical power that provided those who understood their significance with a spiritual conduit
through which could flow the force that drives the Universe itself. By far the most powerful was
the asterisk-like hagall rune, since within it could be found hidden all the other runes. In
addition, Gorsleben was perhaps the first occultist to promote the magical significance of
crystals, which he considered to be three-dimensional projections of the runes. According to this
theory, the spirit of every human individual can be correlated to a specific type of crystal that can
be apprehended through the faculty of mediumship.

In November 1925, Gorsleben founded the Edda Society in the medieval town of Dinkelsbuhl in
Franconia. The treasurer of the society was Friedrich Schaefer, an associate of Karl Maria Wiligut,
who would come to exert a great influence upon Heinrich Flimmler. When Gorsleben died from
heart disease in August 1930, the Edda Society was taken over by Werner von Bulow (1870-
1947), who had designed a 'world-rune-clock' which illustrated the correspondences between the
runes, the zodiac, numbers and gods. (79) Bulow also took over the running of Gorsleben's
periodical, and changed its name from Arische Freiheit to Flag All All Flag, and then Flagal.

Although the primary intention of the Edda Society was to conduct research into the ancient
Aryan religion through the interpretation, via the runes, of Norse mythology, the history of the
lost Atlantean civilisation and the numerous prehistoric monuments of Europe, it nevertheless
declared its allegiance to National Socialism in 1933, stating in an article in Flagal that the rise of
Nazism was occurring in accordance with universal laws. Flagal also included material on the
ancestral clairvoyant memories of Wiligut, which were felt to be of extreme significance to an
understanding of the ancient occult heritage of the Germanic people.

Interestingly, not all rune scholars subscribed wholeheartedly to the racist, anti-Semitic
interpretation of the Eddas. For example, one rune occultist, Friedrich Bernhard Marby (1882-
1966), synthesised rune scholarship with astrology after encountering the writings of Guido von
List. In his paper Der eigene Weg (established 1924) and his book series Marhy-Runen-Bucherei
(begun in 1931), Marby emphasised the health benefits gained from meditation on the runes. He
was denounced as an anti-Nazi by the Third Reich in 1936, and sent first to Welzheim
concentration camp, and then to Flossenburg and Dachau, and was only freed when the camps
were liberated by the Allies in April 1945. (80)

Although he lacked the virulently racist outlook of the other volkisch occultists of the period,
Marby subscribed to a similar theory to that espoused by Liebenfels: namely, the essentially
electrical nature of the cosmos, inspired (as noted earlier) by the recent discovery of radiation
and the new uses to which electricity was being put. In Marby's opinion, the Universe was awash
with cosmic rays, which could be both received and transmitted by human beings. In addition,
the beneficial influences of these rays could be increased by adopting certain physical postures in
imitation of rune-forms (a practice with an obvious similarity to yoga).

In 1927, Siegfried Adolf Kummer (b. 1899) founded a rune school called 'Runa' at Dresden. Runa
concentrated on the practice of ritual magic, including the drawing of magic circles containing the
names of the Germanic gods and the use of traditional magical tools such as candelabra and
censers. During these rituals, the names of runes were called out and rune shapes were traced in

the air as an aid to the magical process. Like Marby, Kummer was denounced by Wiligut, who
considered their methods disreputable. (81)

Other occultists were more concerned with astrology and more overtly paranormal (in today's
parlance) subjects than rune occultism. Georg Lomer (1877-1957) trained as a physician, but
after encountering Theosophy turned his attention to alternative methods of medicine,
particularly the use of dream symbolism and palmistry in the diagnosis of illness. By 1925, Lomer
had added astrology to his occult interests, resulting in a synthesis of pagan Germanic mysticism
with astrology. As Goodrick-Clarke observes: 'In common with the other post-war Aryan
occultists, Lomer essentially used occult materials to illuminate the forgotten Aryan heritage.'

(82)

The defining element in the occultism practised in Germany and Austria in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries was the perceived evil and corruption of the modern world,
particularly that of the despised Weimar Republic with its stench of defeat, weakness and
decadence. For people like List, Liebenfels, Sebottendorff and their followers, the future of
humanity lay not in industrialisation, urbanisation and international finance (which they saw as
causing the destruction of traditional, rural ways of life and the brutalisation of their ancestral
homelands) but in the resurgence of ancient Aryan culture and the maintenance of racial purity.
For the Aryans were heirs to a fabulous mystical legacy stretching far into prehistory, all the way
back to the lost realms of Atlantis, Lemuria, Hyperborea and Ultima Thule. From out of the mists
of time shone this lost Golden Age of giants and god-men endowed with fantastic, superhuman
abilities but who had been subsumed through miscegenation with inferior races - and were now
gone. The volkisch occultists hoped, through their activities, to forge a magical and cultural link
with these lost times, and through racial segregation and later genocide re-establish the global
hegemony of the Aryan Superman.

Having completed our survey of Germanic occultism as developed and practised around the turn
of the twentieth century, we must now leap back several thousand years into the past and turn
our attention to that lost Golden Age itself. We are about to enter the strange realm of crypto-
history, which will require us to travel far from Germany in the inter-war years - indeed, far from
the orthodox view of humanity's entire history. In this way, we shall be able to identify the
mythological origins of volkisch occultism in the legends of the lost Aryan homeland. In the
following chapter, we will find ourselves traversing the icy fastness of the far North, as well as an
ancient sea in what is now the Gobi Desert. We shall also reacquaint ourselves with Madame
Blavatsky and her theories of the Root Races of humanity; and, by the end of the chapter, we
will have examined the origins, mystical significance and ultimate corruption of the swastika, at
which point we will have prepared ourselves for the harrowing journey into the nightmarish world
of Nazi occultism itself.

2 - Fantastic prehistory
The Lost Aryan Homeland

As we have seen, the idea of a fabulous and mysterious homeland of the Aryan people, lying
hidden somewhere in the far northern latitudes, was not an invention of the Nazis but had a rich
provenance not only in the tradition of Western occultism but also in the burgeoning science of
anthropology. (Indeed, the very concept of an 'Aryan Race' owed its existence as much to
philology as any other branch of enquiry.) (1)

Until the Enlightenment, of course, biblical tradition had been assumed to be the ultimate
authority on the origin and history of humanity, that origin being Mount Ararat on which Noah's
Ark made landfall after the Deluge. This idea made sense even to those scientists of the

Enlightenment who rejected biblical authority, since mountainous regions would have provided
the only possible protection against natural disasters such as the putative prehistoric flood.

The German Romantics were greatly attracted to Oriental philosophy and mysticism, in particular
the Zend-Avesta, the sacred text of the ancient Persians. Thinkers of the calibre of Goethe,
Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Richard Wagner found in the Orient a system of philosophy
and historiography that allowed them to abandon the unsatisfactory world view of Judeo-
Christianity. (2) As Joscelyn Godwin notes, allied with this admiration for the Orient was a
rediscovery of the German Volk, the pre-Christian Teutonic tribes whose descendants, the Goths,
had brought about the final destruction of the decadent Roman Empire. The problem faced by
the German Romantics was how to forge a historical connection between themselves and the
Orient, which they considered to be the cradle of humanity and the origin of the highest human
ideals.

Godwin asks, concerning the early Teutons:

But where had those noble and gifted tribes come from? Were they, too, sons of Noah, or dared
one sunder them from the biblical genealogy? The time was ripe to do so. The French
Encyclopedists had set the precedent of contempt for the Flebrew scriptures as a source of
accurate information. The British School of Calcutta, with their Asiatic Researches, had revealed
another world, surely more learned, and to many minds philosophically and morally superior to
that of Moses. If the Germans could link their origins to India, then they would be forever free
from their Semitic and Mediterranean bondage. (3)

Of course, in order to establish and strengthen the link between the Germans and the Orient,
Flebrew had to be abandoned as the original language of humanity, to be replaced by Sanskrit,
the language of classical Flinduism. Instrumental in the forging of this link was the classical
scholar Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829), who attempted to establish a historical and cultural
contact between the Indians and the Scandinavians through which the Scandinavian languages
could have been influenced by the Indian. Schlegel solved this problem by supposing that the
ancient Indians had travelled to the far north as a result of their veneration for the sacred
mountain, Meru, which they believed to constitute the spiritual centre of the world.

It was actually Schlegel who coined the term 'Aryan' in 1819 to denote a racial group (as
opposed to a group of people speaking the Proto-Indo-European language, which is the proper
definition of the term). Schlegel took the word 'Aryan', which had already been borrowed from
Flerodotus (who had used the word Arioi to describe the people of Media, an ancient western
Asian country in what is now northern Iran) and applied to the ancient Persians, and connected it
spuriously with the German word Ehre, meaning honour. At that point, the word 'Aryan' came to
denote the highest, purest and most honourable racial group." (4) This historical scheme was
added to by other thinkers such as the anti-Semitic Christian Lassen, who claimed that the Indo-
Germans were inherently biologically superior to the Semites.

The philologist Max Muller would later urge the adoption of the term 'Aryan' instead of 'Indo-
Germanic', since the latter term did not include other European peoples who could, like the
Indians and Germans, trace the origin of their languages to Sanskrit. According to the historian
Leon Poliakov, by 1860 cultivated Europeans had come to accept that there was a fundamental
division between Aryans and Semites. Godwin expresses this dogma in straightforward terms: '
(1) Europeans were of the Aryan Race; (2) This race had come from the high plateaus of Asia.
There had dwelt together the ancestors of the Indians, Persians, Greeks, Italians, Slavonians,
Germans, and Celts, before setting off to populate Europe and Asia.' (5)

As we noted in Chapter One, the ideas of Charles Darwin were hijacked at this time by the
proponents of Aryan racial superiority, and the concept of the survival of the fittest was readily
applied to the interaction between racial groups (however spurious and misguided this system of
grouping might have been). Darwin's assumption that evolution through natural selection would
necessarily result in gradual improvements to each species was inverted by Aryan racism, which

maintained that the White Race had long ago reached perfection and was being corrupted and
undermined through miscegenation with inferior races.

As Godwin informs us, plans were being laid in some quarters for the biological 'improvement' of
the human race back in the late nineteenth century. The French writer Ernest Renan believed
that selective breeding in the future would result in the production of 'gods' and 'devas':

A factory of Ases [Scandinavian heroes], an Asgaard, might be reconstituted in the center of
Asia. If one dislikes such myths, one should consider how bees and ants breed individuals for
certain functions, or how botanists make hybrids. One could concentrate all the nervous energy
in the brain ... It seems that if such a solution should be at all realizable on the planet Earth, it is
through Germany that it will come. (6)

The Polar Paradise

In their desire to rediscover the ultimate mythical and cultural roots of their self-designated
master race, the proponents of Aryanism turned away from the heat of the biblical
Mesopotamian Eden and looked instead to the cool and pristine fastness of the Far North. The
eighteenth-century polymath Jean-Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793) had already done much of the
groundwork for a radical re-interpretation of humanity's origin with his highly original
combination of Eastern mysticism and astronomy. According to Bailly, the ancient cultures of
Egypt, Chaldea, China and India were actually the heirs of a far older body of knowledge,
possessed in the distant past by a long-lost superior culture living in the antediluvian North. (7)

Bailly believed that it was this ancient culture that invented the zodiac in around 4600 BC. After
the Flood, members of this civilisation moved from northern Asia to India. For Bailly, this
assertion was supported by the similarity of certain legends in later cultures living far from each
other: for example, the legend of the Phoenix, which is found both in Egypt and in the
Scandinavian Eddas (discussed in Chapter One). Bailly equated the details of the Phoenix's death
and rebirth with the annual disappearance of the Sun for 65 days at 71° North latitude. Fie went
on to compare the Phoenix with the Roman god Janus, the god of time, who is represented with
the number 300 in his right hand, and the number 65 in his left (corresponding, of course, with
the 300 days of daylight and 65 days of darkness each year in the far northern latitudes). Bailly
thus concluded that Janus was actually a northern god who had moved south with his original
worshippers in the distant past. In support of his theory, Bailly also cited the legend of Adonis,
who was required by Jupiter to spend one third of each year on Mount Olympus, one third with
Venus and one third in Flades with Persephone. Bailly connected this legend with conditions in
the geographical area at 79° North latitude, where the Sun disappears for four months (one
third) of the year. (8)

To Bailly, this strongly suggested the preservation of the ancient knowledge of a hitherto
unknown Nordic civilisation, which had been encoded in numerous legends passed down to
subsequent cultures. These ideas corresponded somewhat with the work of one Comte de
Buffon, who had concluded in 1749 that the Earth had formed much earlier than the Christian
date of 4004 BC (although Buffon's date of 73,083 BC is still quite far from the Earth's actual age
of approximately 4,000 million years). Buffon made the logical suggestion (within his scheme of
creation) that the polar regions would have been the first to cool sufficiently to allow the
development of life, and therefore placed the first human civilisation in the far northern latitudes.
For Bailly, this was ample justification for his own ideas concerning the Arctic region as the cradle
of humanity. The reason for the southerly migration of this first civilisation became obvious:
since temperate climates are the most conducive to social, intellectual and scientific
advancement, it clearly became necessary to move away gradually from the polar regions as
they became too cold and the temperatures in the southern latitudes cooled from arid to
temperate. The migration was finally complete when Chaldea, India and China were reached. (9)

The idea of a polar homeland for humanity was also elaborately developed by the Indian Bal
Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) who wrote an epic work, The Arctic Home in the Vedas, while in
prison in 1897 for publishing anti-British material in his newspaper, The Kesan. Published in
1903, Tilak's book concentrates on the age and original location of the Indian Vedic civilisation,
from its origin in the Arctic around 10,000 BC, through its destruction in the last Ice Age; the
migration to northern Europe and Asia in 8000-5000 BC and the composition of the Vedic hymns;
the loss of the Arctic traditions around 3000-1400 BC; to the Pre-Buddhistic period in 1400-500
BC. (10)

Tilak's reading of the ancient Vedic texts supported his assertion of a prehistoric homeland in the
far north, describing as they did a realm inhabited by the gods where the sun rose and fell once
a year. Godwin has this to say regarding Tilak's interpretation of the Vedic hymns:

The hymns are full of images that make nonsense in the context of a daily sunrise, such as the
Thirty Dawn-Sisters circling like a wheel,' and the 'Dawn of Many Days' preceding the rising of
the sun. If, however, they are applied to the Pole, they fall perfectly into place. The light of the
sun circling beneath the horizon would be visible for at least thirty days before its annual rising.
One can imagine the sense of anticipation felt by the inhabitants, as the wheeling light became
ever brighter and the long winter's night came to an end."

Tilak's ideas on the origin of humanity were further developed by the Zoroastrian scholar H. S.
Spencer in his book The Aryan Ecliptic Cycle (1965), in which he examines the Zoroastrian
scriptures in much the same way that Tilak examined the Vedic texts. Spencer compared events
in the scriptures with the various positions of the sun during the precession of the equinoxes. (At
this point, we should pause briefly to examine this phenomenon. The rotational axis of the Earth
is not perpendicular to the plane occupied by the Solar System: instead, it is tilted at an angle of
23 Vi 0. Due to gravitational forces from the Sun and the Moon, the axis of the Earth's rotation
'wobbles' very slightly; or, to be more precise, it describes a circle. As the planet rotates, its axis
also rotates, describing a complete circle once every 26,000 years.) In this way, Spencer was
able to date with considerable accuracy the events described in the Zoroastrian scriptures.
Spencer set the date for the first appearance of the Aryans in the polar regions at 25,628 BC,
during the Interglacial Age. The Aryans were forced to leave their homeland as the environment
grew steadily colder and more hostile, and enormous reptiles began to appear. (How the reptiles
themselves could have withstood the cold is another matter.) According to Spencer, the advent
of the Ice Age that scattered the Aryans from their pleasant homeland was just one of a number
of global catastrophes that proved the downfall of at least three other ancient civilisations:
Atlantis, Lemuria and the culture occupying what is now the Gobi Desert. (12) According to
Spencer, the Aryan tradition influenced the great civilisations of Egypt, Sumer and Babylon.

From Hyperborea to Atlantis

The great Russian occultist Helena Blavatsky, whom we met in Chapter One, had considerable
information to divulge on the nature of the lost civilisations whose philosophy and knowledge
were passed down, in frequently garbled form, to the great civilisations of the Middle and Far
East. According to Blavatsky, who claimed to have consulted a fantastically old document entitled
the Stanzas of Dzyan while in Tibet, our remote ancestors occupied a number of lost continents,
the first of which she describes as 'The Imperishable Sacred Land', an eternal place
unencumbered by the sometimes violent fates reserved for other continents, that was the home
of the first human and also of 'the last divine mortal'.

The Second Continent was Hyperborea, 'the land which stretched out its promontories southward
and westward from the North Pole to receive the Second Race, and comprised the whole of what
is now known as Northern Asia'. The 'Second Race' refers to one of the Root Races. Blavatsky
continues:

The land of the Hyperboreans, the country that extended beyond Boreas, the frozen-hearted god
of snows and hurricanes, who loved to slumber heavily on the chain of Mount Riphaeus, was
neither an ideal country, as surmised by the mythologists, nor yet a land in the neighbourhood of
Scythia and the Danube. It was a real continent, a bond-fide land which knew no winter in those
early days, nor have its sorry remains more than one night and day during the year, even now.
The nocturnal shadows never fall upon it, said the Greeks; for it is the land of the Gods, the
favourite abode of Apollo, the god of light, and its inhabitants are his beloved priests and
servants. This may be regarded as poetised fiction now; but it was poetised truth then. (13)
[Original emphasis.]

The Third Continent was Lemuria (so called by the zoologist P. L. Sclater in reference to a
hypothetical sunken continent extending from Madagascar to Sri Lanka and Sumatra). Blavatsky
claimed that the gigantic continent of Lemuria actually existed, its highest points now forming
islands in the Pacific Ocean.

The Fourth Continent was Atlantis. 'It would be the first historical land, were the traditions of the
ancients to receive more attention than they have hitherto. The famous island of Plato of that
name was but a fragment of this great Continent.' (14)

In her description of the Fifth Continent, Blavatsky evokes images of cataclysmic seismic shifts in
the land mass of the Earth:

The Fifth Continent was America; but, as it is situated at the Antipodes, it is Europe and Asia
Minor, almost coeval with it, which are generally referred to by the Indo-Aryan Occultists as the
fifth. If their teaching followed the appearance of the Continents in their geological and
geographical order, then this classification would have to be altered. But as the sequence of the
Continents is made to follow the order of evolution of the Races, from the first to the fifth, our
Aryan Root-race, Europe must be called the fifth great Continent. The Secret Doctrine takes no
account of islands and peninsulas, nor does it follow the modern geographical distribution of land
and sea. Since the day of its earliest teachings and the destruction of the great Atlantis, the face
of the earth has changed more than once. There was a time when the delta of Egypt and
Northern Africa belonged to Europe, before the formation of the Straits of Gibraltar, and a further
upheaval of the continent, changed entirely the face of the map of Europe. The last serious
change occurred some 12,000 years ago, and was followed by the submersion of Plato's little
Atlantic island, which he calls Atlantis after its parent continent. (15)

Blavatsky claimed to have read in the Stanzas of Dzyan that the Earth contained seven great
continents, 'four of which have already lived their day, the fifth still exists, and two are to appear
in the future' In The Secret Doctrine, she calls them Jambu, Plaksha, Salmali, Kusa, Krauncha,
Saka and Pushkara. She continues:

We believe that each of these is not strictly a continent in the modern sense of the word, but
that each name, from Jambu down to Pushkara, refers to the geographical names given (i) to
the dry lands covering the face of the whole earth during the period of a Root-Race, in general;
and (ii) to what remained of these after a geological [cataclysm]: and (iii) to those localities
which will enter, after the future cataclysms, into the formation of new universal 'continents,' [or]
peninsulas ... each continent being, in one sense, a greater or smaller region of dry land
surrounded with water. [Original emphasis.] (16)

Aside from the Stanzas of Dzyan, Blavatsky drew on a huge number of religious texts, including
the Hindu Puranas, which speak of a land called Svita-Dvipa (Hyperborea), or the White Island,
at the centre of which is Mount Meru, the spiritual centre of the world. (We will have more to say
of Mount Meru in Chapter Four.) If we accept the attributes given to Mount Meru in the sacred
texts of the Hindus -

including its height of 672,000 miles - then it must be conceded that the mountain does not exist
anywhere on the physical Earth. This has led Orientalists to speculate that the White Island and

Mount Meru are situated in what might best be described as another dimension occupying that
same space as Earth and which is visible (and reachable) to beings possessing a sufficiently
advanced spirituality. (17)

The legendary realm of Hyperborea also formed a centrepiece in the writings of the French
occultist Rene Guenon (1886-1951) who, like Blavatsky (whom he nevertheless considered a
charlatan), claimed to have received his information from hidden Oriental sources. Guenon's
Flyperborea is very similar to Blavatsky's, although its origin is placed much more recently.
According to Guenon, the present cycle of humanity began a mere 64,800 years ago in the
Flyperborean land of Tula (Thule). Along with the later Atlantean civilisation, which lasted for
12,960 years (or half of one precessional cycle), Flyperborea was the origin of all religious and
spiritual tradition in our own modern world. Guenon also wrote of Mount Meru, although in
symbolic terms: 'It seems from his essays on symbology that Guenon did not regard Meru as an
actual mountain situated at the North Pole, but rather as a symbol of the earth's axis that passes
through the pole and points to the Arktoi, the constellations of the Great and Little Bears.
(Guenon also claimed that the inclination of the Earth's axis at 23 Vi° was a result of the Fall of
humanity.)' (18)

At this point, we should pause to consider a question that may have occurred to the reader:
assuming the existence of the prehistoric Root Races of humanity, why have none of their
remains ever been discovered and excavated by archaeologists and palaeontologists? Apart from
the obvious but not particularly satisfactory answer that the vast majority of the Earth's fossil
record has yet to be discovered, it should be remembered that, according to Guenon, Blavatsky
and the other Theosophists, the early Earth and its fabulous primordial inhabitants were not
solid, corporeal entities, but were composed of a rarefied spiritual substance that only later
descended into the material state. It is for this reason that their remains have never been
discovered. (19)

For a basic chronology of the Earth according to this system, we can look to Godwin, who
summarises the development of Guenon's work by Jean Phaure. Between 62,000 and 36,880 BC
was the Golden Age (Krita Yuga), which lasted for one full precessional cycle (25,920 years)
beginning with the Age of Leo. This was the period before the descent into matter, when
Paradise existed. Then came the period from 36,880 to 17,440 BC, the Silver Age (Treta Yuga),
lasting 19,440 years. This age lasted from Leo to Sagittarius, and included the descent into
matter. It also saw the rise of Hyperborea and the other continents of Lemuria and Mu. This was
followed by the period from 17,440 to 4,480 BC, the Bronze Age (Dvapara Yuga), which lasted
for half of one precessional cycle, and from Scorpio to Gemini. This age saw the fall of Atlantis
around 10,800 BC, the colonisation of other parts of the world by Atlantean refugees, the biblical
Flood and the invention of writing. The period between 4,480 BC and AD 2000 is the Iron Age
(Kali Yuga), which lasts for 6,480 years, from Taurus, through Aries to Pisces. This period
includes our own history. The cycle ends with the Millennium and the beginning of the Age of
Aquarius. Phaure has no problem with an incarnated humanity living in the Arctic, and suggests
that they were able to do so with the aid of a spiritual energy source unknown to our own
narrow, materialistic science. In support of this, he cites the case of certain Tibetan adepts who
are able to live quite happily in the frigid Himalayan regions with little clothing. (20)

It is easy to see how the central tenets of Theosophy - the ancient and fantastic civilisations, the
origins of the Aryan race and that race's position of high nobility - were attractive to the German
occultists and nationalists who so hated the modern world of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. As the researcher Peter Levenda observes: 'Modernism in general was seen
as being largely an urban, sophisticated, intellectual (hence "Jewish") phenomenon, and this
included science, technology, the Industrial Revolution, and capitalism.' (21) The doctrines of the
Theosophists successfully fused science and mysticism, taking Darwin's theories regarding
natural selection and the survival of the fittest and applying them to the concept of a spiritual

struggle between the races of Earth (resulting in the Aryan race), which was a necessary
component in the evolution of the spirit. (22)

Levenda continues:

It should be remembered that Blavatsky's works ... appear to be the result of prodigious
scholarship and were extremely convincing in their day. The rationale behind many later Nazi
projects can be traced back -through the writings of von List, von Sebottendorff, and von
Liebenfels - to ideas first popularized by Blavatsky. A caste system of races, the importance of
ancient alphabets (notably the runes), the superiority of the Aryans (a white race with its origins
in the Himalayas), an 'initiated' version of astrology and astronomy, the cosmic truths coded
within pagan myths ... all of these and more can be found both in Blavatsky and in the Nazi Party
itself, specifically in the ideology of its Dark Creature, the SS. It was, after all, Blavatsky who
pointed out the supreme occult significance of the swastika. And it was a follower of Blavatsky
who was instrumental in introducing the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to a Western European
community eager for a scapegoat. (23)

It will be remembered that the notorious document known as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
was an anti-Semitic forgery created by the Okhrana (the Czarist secret police) and occultists in St
Petersburg and Paris to discredit the enemies of Rachkhovsky, the head of the Okhrana in Paris.
(24) Produced in St Petersburg in 1902 and translated into German in 1919, the document
purported to be the minutes of a meeting of the putative secret Jewish world conspiracy, (25) a
conspiracy that, it appeared, was approaching the fulfilment of its goals. The Protocols indicated
that Democracy, Communism and international commerce had been successfully infiltrated and
taken over by the Jews, who 'had "infected" all governments, all commerce, all of the arts and
media'. (26) Information regarding the Protocols was initially provided to the press by a Madame
Yuliana Glinka, a believer in Spiritualism who would do much to promote the anti-Semitic
falsehoods contained within the document.

As is well known, Hitler himself came to believe wholeheartedly in the veracity of the Protocols,
which formed a principal basis for his own anti-Semitism:

To what an extent the whole existence of this people is based on a continuous lie is shown
incomparably by the Protocols of the Wise Men [Elders] of Zion, so infinitely hated by the Jews.
They are based on a forgery, the Frankfurter Zeitung moans and screams once every week: the
best proof that they are authentic. What many Jews may do unconsciously is here consciously
exposed. And that is what matters. It is completely indifferent from what Jewish brain these
disclosures originate; the important thing is that with positively terrifying certainty they reveal
the nature and activity of the Jewish people and expose their inner contexts as well as their
ultimate final aims. The best criticism applied to them, however, is reality. Anyone who examines
the historical development of the last hundred years from the standpoint of this book will at once
understand the screaming of the Jewish press. For once this book has become the common
property of a people, the Jewish menace may be considered as broken. (27)

Hitler's reference to the Frankfurter Zeitung is especially interesting and ironic, in view of the
startling and intriguing suggestion made by that paper's Munich correspondent, the anti-Nazi
Konrad Heiden. Heiden began reporting on Hitler's activities in 1921; when Hitler took power in
1933, Heiden was forced to flee to France. In his biography of Hitler, Der Fuehrer, written in
exile and published in 1944, Heiden suggests a profound connection between Hitler and the
Protocols, a connection which is summarised by Rosenbaum:

Heiden's stunning conjecture, which deserves attention because of his intimate acquaintance
with the Hitler Party from the very beginning of the Fuhrer's rise, was that the secret of that rise
lay in Hitler's adapting the modernized Machiavellian tactics attributed to his archenemy, the
Elders of Zion, and putting them to his own use in manipulating the media, subverting the
institutions of the state, and Grafting his own successful conspiracy to rule the world. Heiden
argues that Hitler did not merely adopt the counterfeit Jewish conspiracy as his vision of the

world, he adopted the tactics falsely attributed to Jews by Czarist forgers as his own - and used
them with remarkable success. A success that made Hitler himself a kind of creation of a
counterfeit. [Original emphasis.] (28)

I hope the reader will forgive this seeming digression from the subject we were discussing: while
the apparent influence of the Protocols on Hitler may seem a long way from the lost Aryan
homeland of the prehistoric north, it is worth introducing the idea at this point, not only because
it was a supporter of Blavatsky who promoted the Protocols in western Europe but also because
it is of profound importance to the rest of our study. If Heiden was correct in his conjecture, and
Adolf Hitler, and hence Nazi Germany, were the creation of a counterfeit, this demonstrates quite
convincingly the power and influence that bizarre falsehoods can have over the collective psyche
of a people. This will have special significance in the last three chapters of this book, which will
deal with Nazi cosmology and the belief in a hollow Earth, the theory that German scientists were
responsible for the wave of UFO sightings in the late 1940s (and perhaps still are responsible for
such sightings today), and the persistent rumours regarding the survival of key Nazis in a hidden
Antarctic colony.

Before moving on, however, we must return briefly to Blavatsky and Theosophy in order to
address the implication that the movement possessed fascist elements. In spite of its
proclamation of the supremacy of the Aryan race (not to mention Madame Glinka's unfortunate
promotion of the Protocols), Theosophy was not inherently fascist, and Blavatsky herself did not
become overtly involved in politics (29) (Indeed, although it had inspired a large number of
German occultists and nationalists at the turn of the century, Theosophy would later be attacked
and suppressed by the Nazis, along with all other organisations showing any resistance
whatsoever to Hitler.) (30) Nevertheless, some of Blavatsky's followers, most notably Annie
Besant (1847-1933), became active in politics. In Besant's case, it was Indian politics, and it was
under her presidency after Henry Olcott's death in 1907 that the Theosophical Society became an
important element in the Indian Nationalist Movement. As Levenda notes, the Nazis would later
attempt to exploit Indian nationalism and the desire for home rule by claiming a similarity of
ideals and objectives between Indian nationalism and National Socialism. (31)

Iceland and Antarctica

It is a matter of historical record that the Nazis mounted expeditions to Iceland, Antarctica and
Tibet (the Tibetan expeditions will be examined more closely in the next chapter). The true
reasons for these expeditions, however, have been the subject of considerable debate
throughout the decades since the end of the war. As we have already noted, the Nazi concept of
Thule can be traced to Guido von List, Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels and Rudolf von Sebottendorff,
who conceived of it as the ancient homeland of the Aryan race. (At some time between the third
and fourth centuries BC, Pytheas of Massilia undertook a voyage to the north. He reached
Scotland, and sailed on for six more days, probably reaching the North Shetland Islands. He then
claimed to have reached the land of Thule, which may have been Iceland, or perhaps Norway,
before encountering a frozen sea.) (32)

The volkisch fascination with the Scandinavian Eddas led von Sebottendorff to conclude that the
supposedly long-vanished land of Thule was actually Iceland. This link with the lost Aryan
homeland prompted an intense interest in the possibility of discovering further clues to their
remote history, indeed, to their very origin, among the caves and prehistoric monuments of the
island. (33)

According to Peter Levenda, an organisation called the Nordic Society was established at Lubeck
by Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1945), the Nazi mystic, philosopher, editor of the Volkischer
Beobachter and later Reich Minister for the occupied eastern territories. The society counted
among its members representatives from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland, who
were drawn together in order to defend the Nordic nations against the Soviet, Jewish and

Masonic threat. On 22 August 1938, the Volkischer Beobachter carried an article on one of the
Nordic Society's meetings, at which Rosenberg was quoted thus:

'We all stand under the same European destiny, and must feel obliged to this common destiny,
because finally the existence of the white man depends altogether upon the unity of the
European continent! Unanimous must we oppose that terrible attempt by Moscow to destroy the
world, the sea of blood into which already many people have dived!' (34)

Rosenberg explained his Thulean mythology in his book Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (The
Myth of the Twentieth Century), published in 1930, which was a massive best-seller in Germany,
despite the fact that it was widely considered to be appallingly-written nonsense. (Hitler himself,
who, once in power, had little time for paganism, Thulean or otherwise, described it as 'stuff
nobody can understand'.) (35) In the first chapter of the book, Rosenberg explains the basis of
his belief in an ancient Aryan homeland in the north:

The geologists show us a continent between North America and Europe, whose remains we can
see today in Greenland and Iceland. They tell us that islands on the other side of the Far North
(Novaia Zemlya) display former tide marks over 100 metres higher than today's; they make it
probable that the North Pole has wandered, and that a much milder climate once reigned in the
present Arctic. All this allows the ancient legend of Atlantis to appear in a new light. It seems not
impossible that where the waves of the Atlantic Ocean now crash and pull off giant icebergs,
once a blooming continent rose out of the water, on which a creative race raised a mighty, wide-
ranging culture, and sent its children out into the world as seafarers and warriors. But even if this
Atlantean hypothesis is not thought tenable, one has to assume that there was a prehistoric
northern center of culture. (36)

Despite these assertions concerning the great secrets of a long-vanished Aryan civilisation that
might be found in Iceland, Rosenberg, who was looked upon with a mixture of amusement and
contempt by most of the leading Nazis, was not involved with the actual expeditions sent there.
They were authorised by Heinrich Himmler under the auspices of the Ahnenerbe - the SS
Association for Research and Teaching on Heredity. Levenda has retrieved numerous documents
regarding these missions, some of which he includes in his fascinating study Unholy Alliance
(1995). One of these documents, addressed to the Ahnenerbe from a Dr Bruno Schweizer,
contains a proposal for a research journey to Iceland, and is dated 10 March 1938:

From year to year it becomes more difficult to meet living witnesses of Germanic cultural feelings
and Germanic soul attitudes on the classical Icelandic soil uninfluenced by the overpowerful
grasp of western civilization. In only a few years has the natural look of the country, which since
the Ur-time has remained mostly untouched in stone and meadow, in desert and untamed
mountain torrents, revealed its open countenance to man and has fundamentally changed from
mountainsides and rock slabs to manicured lawns, nurseries and pasture grounds, almost as far
from Reykjavik as the barren coast section, a feat accomplished by the hand of man; the city
itself expands with almost American speed as roadways and bridges, power stations and
factories emerge and the density of the traffic in Reykjavik corresponds with that of a European
city.

Dr Schweizer goes on to bemoan the loss of ancient agricultural techniques such as forging,
wood-carving, spinning, weaving and dyeing; along with the forgetting of myths and legends and
the lack of belief in a 'transcendent nature'. After describing the lamentable rise of materialism
that drew people from rural areas to the city (and gave an unfavourable impression to good
German visitors!), the doctor continues:

Every year that we wait quietly means damage to a number of objects, and other objects
become ruined for camera and film due to newfangled public buildings in the modern style. For
the work in question only the summer is appropriate, that is, the months of June through August.
Furthermore, one must reckon that occasionally several rainy days can occur, delaying thereby

certain photographic work. The ship connections are such that it is perhaps only possible to go to
and from the Continent once a week.

All this means a minimum period of from 5-6 weeks for the framework of the trip.

The possible tasks of an Iceland research trip with a cultural knowledge mission are greatly
variegated. Therefore it remains for us to select only the most immediate and most realizable. A
variety of other tasks ... should be considered as additional assignments.

Thus the recording of human images (race-measurements) and the investigation of museum
treasures are considered to be additional assignments. (37)

As Levenda wryly observes, it is not clear how the people of Iceland would have reacted to the
taking of 'race measurements' or, for that matter, the 'investigation of museum treasures', which
almost certainly would not have remained in the museums for very long!

German interest in Antarctic exploration goes back to 1873, when Eduard Dallman mounted an
expedition in his steamship Gronland on behalf of the newly founded German Society of Polar
Research. Less than 60 years later, the Swiss explorer Wilhelm Filchner, who had already led an
expedition to Tibet in 1903-05, planned to lead two expeditions to Antarctica with the intention
of determining if the continent was a single piece of land. Filchner's plans called for two ships,
one to enter the Weddell Sea and one to enter the Ross Sea. Two groups would then embark on
a land journey and attempt to meet at the centre of the continent. This plan, however, proved
too expensive, and so a single ship, the Deutschland, was used. The Deutschland was a
Norwegian ship specifically designed for work in polar regions, and was acquired with the help of
Ernest Shackleton, Otto Nordenskjold and Fridtjof Nansen. The expedition reached the Weddell
Sea in December 1911. Another expedition was mounted in 1925 with the polar expedition ship
Meteor under the command of Dr Albert Merz.

In the years running up to the Second World War, Germany wanted a foothold in Antarctica,
both for the propaganda value of demonstrating the power of the Third Reich and also because
of the territory's strategic significance in the South Atlantic. On 17 December 1938, an expedition
was despatched under the command of Captain Alfred Ritscher to the South Atlantic coast of
Antarctica and arrived there on 19 January 1939. The expedition's ship was the Schwabenland,
an aircraft carrier that had been used since 1934 for transatlantic mail delivery. The
Schwabenland, which had been prepared for the expedition in the Hamburg shipyards at a cost
of one million Reichsmarks, was equipped with two Dornier seaplanes, the Passat and the
Boreas, which were launched from its flight deck by steam catapults and which made fifteen
flights over the territory which Norwegian explorers had named Queen Maud Land. The aircraft
covered approximately 600,000 square kilometres, took more than 11,000 photographs of the
Princess Astrid and Princess Martha coasts of western Queen Maud Land, and dropped several
thousand drop-flags (metal poles with swastikas). The area was claimed for the Third Reich, and
was renamed Neu Schwabenland.

Perhaps the most surprising discovery made by this expedition was a number of large, ice-free
areas, containing lakes and sparse vegetation. The expedition geologists suggested that this
might have been due to underground heat sources.

In mid-February 1939, the Schwabenland left Antarctica and returned to Hamburg. Ritscher was
surprised at the findings of the expedition, particularly the ice-free areas, and immediately began
to plan another journey upon his arrival home. These plans, however, were apparently
abandoned with the outbreak of war.

At this point, orthodox history gives way to strange rumours and speculations regarding the true
reason for the Third Reich's interest in Antarctica. It has been suggested, for instance, that the
1938-39 expedition had been to look for a suitable ice-free region on the continent that could be
used for a secret Nazi base after the war. According to the novelist and UFO researcher W. A.
Harbinson: Throughout the war, the Germans sent ships and aircraft to Neu Schwabenland with

enough equipment and manpower (much of it slave labour from the concentration camps) to
build massive complexes under the ice or in well-hidden ice-free areas. At the close of the war
selected Nazi scientists and SS troops fled to Antarctica (38)

Such speculations properly belong to the field known as 'Nazi survival', which we will discuss in
depth in the final chapter of this book. Therefore, let us place them aside and turn our attention
to another important element in the concept of a lost Aryan homeland: a symbol that once
signified good fortune but was irreparably corrupted by the Nazis, and which now signifies
nothing but terror and death.

The Swastika

In antiquity, the swastika was a universal symbol, being used from the Bronze Age onwards on
objects of every kind. The word 'swastika' comes from the Sanskrit: su (Greek eu, meaning
'good'), asti (Greek esto, meaning 'to beO and the suffix ka. (39) The symbol means 'good luck'
(the Sanskrit-Tibetan word Swasti means 'may it be auspicious'). According to Joscelyn Godwin,
the shape of the swastika derives from the constellation Arktos, also known as the Great Bear,
the Plough and the Big Dipper. To the observer in the Northern Hemisphere, this constellation
appears to rotate around Polaris, the Pole Star (an effect caused by the rotation of the Earth). If
the positions of Arktos in relation to Polaris are represented in pictorial form (corresponding to
the four seasons), the result is highly suggestive of a swastika; in 4000 BC, they were identical to
the symbol. It is for this reason that the swastika (aside from denoting good fortune) has been
used to represent the Pole. (40)

The swastika gained in importance in European culture in the nineteenth century, primarily in the
fields of comparative ethnology and Oriental studies. The absence of the symbol from Egypt,
Chaldea, Assyria and Phoenicia led the ethnologists to believe that the swastika was an Aryan
sun-symbol. (41) Madame Blavatsky saw the significance of the symbol, and incorporated it into
the seal of the Theosophical Society to signify the harmony of universal movement. According to
Godwin: 'So innocent were the "good luck" associations of the swastika that during World War I,
it was used as the emblem of the British War Savings Scheme, appearing on coupons and
stamps.' (42)

The swastika appears in two forms: left-handed and right-handed. However, confusion quickly
arises when one is faced with the question of how to define 'left' and 'right' with regard to this
symbol. Some occultists and historians favour a definition based on the direction taken by the
arms as they extend outward from the centre; while others prefer to define left' and 'right' in
terms of the apparent direction of rotation. The confusion arises from the fact that a swastika
whose arms proceed to the left appears to be rotating to the right, and vice versa.

Each swastika variant has been taken to mean different things by writers on the occult, such as
the Frenchman Andre Brissaud who says that the counter-clockwise-spinning swastika represents
the rotation of the Earth on its axis and is the 'Wheel of the Golden Sun', symbolising creation,
evolution and fertility. The clockwise-spinning swastika is, according to Brissaud, the 'Wheel of
the Black Sun', representing man's quest for power in opposition to Heaven. (43) The Chilean
diplomat, esotericist and Hitler apologist Miguel Serrano (b. 1917), whom we shall meet again in
the final chapter, has another explanation of the left- and right-handed swastikas: the left-
handed (clockwise-turning) symbol represents the migration of the ancient Aryan Race from its
homeland at the North Pole, while the right-handed (counter-clockwise-turning) symbol - the one
used by the Nazis - represents the destiny of the Aryans to return to their spiritual centre at the
South Pole. (44)

[Insert pic p083]

Swastika with arms extending to left, apparent rotation to right / Swastika with arms extending
to right, apparent rotation to left

After informing us of the complexities attached to the interpretation of left- and right-handed
swastikas, Godwin continues:

Whatever the validity of these theories, the ancient decorative swastikas show no preference
whatsoever for one type over the other. The place where the left-right distinction is supposed to
be most significant is Tibet, where both Nicholas Roerich and Anagarika Govinda observed that
the swastika of the ancient Bon-Po religion points to the left, the Buddhist one to the right. Now
it is true that the Bon-Pos perform ritual circumabulations counter-clockwise, the Buddhists
clockwise, but almost all the Buddhist iconography collected by Thomas Wilson shows left-
handed swastikas, just like the ones on the Bon-Pos' ritual scepter, their equivalent of the
Buddhist vajra. One can only say that the swastika should perhaps be left-handed if (as in Bon-
Po) it denotes polar revolution, and right-handed if (as in Buddhism) it symbolizes the course of
the sun. But the root of the problem is probably the inherent ambiguity of the symbol itself,
which makes the left-handed swastika appear to be rotating to the right, and vice versa. (45)

As we saw in the first chapter, the swastika gained popularity among German anti-Semitic groups
through the writings of Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels, who took the symbol of good
fortune and universal harmony and used it to denote the unconquerable Germanic hero. As
might be expected, the counter-clockwise orientation of the swastika used as a banner by the
National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) has also aroused considerable controversy in
occult and esoteric circles.

According to the occult historian Francis King, when Hitler called for suggestions for a banner, all
of the submissions included a swastika. The one Hitler finally chose had been designed by Dr
Friedrich Krohn, a dentist from Sternberg. However, the design incorporated a clockwise-turning
swastika, symbolising good fortune, harmony and spirituality.

Hitler decided to reverse the design, making the swastika counter-clockwise, symbolising evil and
black magic. (46) Here again, we encounter the problem of defining what is a right-and left-
handed swastika. Was the Nazi symbol right-handed (traditionally denoting good) or left-handed
(denoting evil)? In one sense, the Nazi swastika could be said to be right-handed because the
hooked arms extend to the right; conversely, it could be said to be left-handed, since the
apparent rotation is counter-clockwise. As the journalist Ken Anderson notes: 'What we are
dealing with is subjective definition ... We can speculate that Hitler had chosen to reverse the
cross because of the connotations of black magic and evil in Krohn's cross and for the purpose of
evoking the positive images of good luck, spiritual evolution, etc., for his fledgling party!' (47)
(Original emphasis.) Anderson gives the impression of having his tongue slightly in his cheek, but
his interpretation is almost certainly correct, for two reasons.

Firstly, we must remember that Hitler himself had very little time for occult mumbo-jumbo, and
was certainly not the practising black magician many occultists claim him to have been (more on
this in Chapter Five); and secondly, the idea that Hitler considered himself 'evil' (as he would
have had to have done in order to take the step of reversing a positive symbol to a negative
one), or that evil was an attractive concept for him is ridiculous. As we noted in the Introduction,
one of the most terrifying and baffling aspects of Adolf Hitler is that he did not consider himself
'evil': as Trevor-Roper states, Hitler was convinced of his own rectitude, that he was acting
correctly in exterminating the Jews and the other groups targeted for destruction by the Nazis.

In addition, Hitler himself makes no mention of such an alteration in his repulsive Mein Kampf. In
view of the fact that he took most of the credit for the design himself, neglecting even to

mention Krohn's name, he would surely have explained the reasons for his making such a
fundamental alteration to the design of the NSDAP banner:

... I was obliged to reject without exception the numerous designs which poured in from the
circles of the young movement ... I myself - as Leader - did not want to come out publicly at
once with my own design, since after all it was possible that another should produce one just as
good or perhaps even better. Actually, a dentist from Starnberg [sic] did deliver a design that
was not bad at all, and, incidentally, was quite close to my own, having only the one fault that a
swastika with curved legs was composed into a white disk

I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red
background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a
definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the
shape and thickness of the swastika. (48)

The reader will notice that Hitler says the submission he received that was quite close to his own
had only one fault: the swastika had curved legs. Anderson is undoubtedly correct when he
states that 'the major importance of the decision [was] - for a man who prided himself on being
a thwarted artist of great merit - not some unidentified occultic myth, but rather balance and
aesthetic value'. (49)

3 - A hideous strength
The Vril Society

We have now reached the point in our survey of Nazi involvement with the occult where we must
depart from what is historically verifiable and enter an altogether more obscure and murky
realm, a place that Pauwels and Bergier call the 'Absolute Elsewhere'. (1) Serious historians (at
least, those who deign to comment on the subject at all) regard the material we shall be
examining for the rest of this book with contempt - and, it must be said, not without good
reason. Much of what follows may well strike the reader as bizarre and absurd in equal measure;
and yet, as we shall see, amongst the notions we are about to address (products, apparently, of
fevered imaginations) will be found unsettling hints of a thread running through the collective
mind of humanity in the late twentieth century - ominous, dangerous and, by the majority,
unseen.

As we shall see, the 'twilight zone between fact and fiction' can produce significant shifts in our
collective awareness of the world, our place in it and the unstated intentions of those who rule
us. The world view of those who subscribe to the idea of genuine Nazi occult power includes a
number of outrageous conspiracy theories that revolve around the claim that many leading Nazis
(including, according to some, Hitler himself) escaped from the ruins of Berlin and continue with
their plans for world domination from some hidden headquarters. At first sight, these theories
can surely have little to do with known reality. And yet, the idea that the American Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) could have smuggled many personnel from Nazi intelligence and the
German secret weapons programme into the United States in the post-war years might likewise
seem outlandish - until we remember that this, too, is a documented historical fact. Project
PAPERCLIP proves that some senior elements of the Third Reich did indeed survive in this way,
their lives bought with scientific and military knowledge that the American government
desperately wanted.

So, for the rest of this book, we shall concentrate on the elements of Nazi occultism that find no
home in orthodox history but that nevertheless stretch their pernicious tentacles through modern
popular and fringe culture and refuse to vanish in the glare of the light of reason. The Vril
Society, our departure point into the Absolute Elsewhere, might seem to have been better placed

in the first chapter, were it not that there is so little evidence for its influence over the activities
of the Third Reich. In spite of this, it has come to occupy a central position in the dubious study
of Nazi occult power and so demands a chapter of its own. But what was the strangely named
Vril Society?

The first hint of the Vril Society's existence was discovered in a scene that would not have been
out of place in one of Dennis Wheatley's occult thrillers. On 25 April 1945, so the story goes, a
group of battle-weary Russian soldiers were making their cautious way through the shattered
remnants of Berlin, mopping up the isolated pockets of German resistance that remained in the
heart of the Third Reich. The soldiers moved carefully from one wrecked building to another, in a
state of constant readiness against the threat of ambush.

In a ground-floor room of one blasted building, the soldiers made a surprising discovery. Lying in
a circle on the floor were the bodies of six men, with a seventh corpse in the centre. All were
dressed in German military uniforms, and the dead man in the centre of the group was wearing a
pair of bright green gloves. The Russians' assumption that the bodies were those of soldiers was
quickly dispelled when they realised that the dead men were all Orientals. One of the Russians,
who was from Mongolia, identified the men as Tibetans. It was also evident to the Russian
soldiers that the men had not died in battle but seemed to have committed suicide. Over the
following week, hundreds more Tibetans were discovered in Berlin: some of them had clearly
died in battle, while others had committed ritual suicide, like the ones discovered by the Russian
unit. (2)

What were Tibetans doing in Nazi Germany towards the end of the Second World War? The
answer to this question may be found in a curious novel entitled The Coming Race by Edward
Bulwer-Lytton (1803-1873), first Baron Lytton. A prolific and very successful writer (his output
included novels, plays, essays and poetry) Bulwer-Lytton was considered in his lifetime to be one
of the greatest writers in the English language. Unfortunately, his reputation for vanity,
ostentation and eccentricity attracted a good deal of hostility from the press and this has
damaged his subsequent literary reputation to a disproportionate extent, with the result that
today his books are extremely hard to find and his work is seldom - if at all - taught in
universities in the English-speaking world. (3)

Throughout his career, Bulwer-Lytton wrote on many themes, including romance, politics,
history, social satire, melodrama and the occult. It is perhaps unsurprising, therefore, that he
should have turned to the subject of Utopian science fiction with The Coming Race, published in
1871. In this novel, the narrator, a traveller and adventurer of independent means, explores a
mine in an unnamed location and discovers a vast subterranean world, inhabited by a superior
race of humans called the Vril-ya. Once tenants of the Earth's outer surface, the Vril-ya were
forced to retreat underground by a natural catastrophe similar to the biblical Flood many
thousands of years ago. Their technology is far in advance of anything to be found in the world
of ordinary humanity, and is based on the application of a force known as 'vril'. Befriended by a
young female Vril-ya named Zee, the narrator asks about the nature of the vril force.

Therewith Zee began to enter into an explanation of which I understood very little, for there is
no word in any language I know which is an exact synonym for vril. I should call it electricity,
except that it comprehends in its manifold branches other forces of nature, to which, in our
scientific nomenclature, differing names are assigned, such as magnetism, galvanism, &c. These
people consider that in vril they have arrived at the unity in natural energetic agencies, which
has been conjectured by many philosophers above ground, and which Faraday thus intimates
under the more cautious term of correlation:

'I have long held an opinion/ says that illustrious experimentalist, 'almost amounting to a
conviction, in common, I believe, with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various
forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have one common origin; or, in other

words, are so directly related and mutually dependent, that they are convertible, as it were, into
one another, and possess equivalents of power in their action.' (4)

According to Zee, all Vril-ya are trained in the application of vril, which can be used to control the
physical world, including the minds and bodies of others, as well as to enhance the telepathic
and telekinetic potentials of the human mind. The vril force is most often applied through the use
of a device known as the Vril Staff which, like the vril force itself, requires many years to master.
(The narrator is not allowed to hold one, 'for fear of some terrible accident occasioned by my
ignorance of its use'.) The Vril Staff 'is hollow, and has in the handle several stops, keys, or
springs by which its force can be altered, modified, or directed - so that by one process it
destroys, by another it heals - by one it can rend the rock, by another disperse the vapour - by
one it affects bodies, by another it can exercise a certain influence over minds'. (5)

During his protracted stay in the subterranean realm, the narrator learns of the system of
government by which the Vril-ya live. They are ruled by a single supreme magistrate who
abdicates the position at the first sign of advancing age.

Although their society is entirely free of crime or strife of any kind, they consider strength and
force to be among the finest virtues, and the triumph of the strong over the weak to be in
perfect accordance with Nature. Democracy and free institutions are, to them, merely the crude
experiments of an immature culture.

The government of the tribe of Vril-ya ... was apparently very complicated, really very simple. It
was based upon a principle recognised in theory, though little carried out in practice, above
ground - viz., that the object of all systems of philosophical thought tends to the attainment of
unity, or the ascent through all intervening labyrinths to the simplicity of a single first cause or
principle. Thus in politics, even republican writers have agreed that a benevolent autocracy
would insure the best administration, if there were any guarantees for its continuance, or against
its gradual abuse of the powers accorded to it. There was ... in this society nothing to induce any
of its members to covet the cares of office. No honours, no insignia of higher rank were assigned
to it. The supreme magistrate was not distinguished from the rest by superior habitation or
revenue. On the other hand, the duties awarded to him were marvellously light and easy,
requiring no preponderant degree of energy or intelligence. (6)

After a number of adventures in the subterranean world -and a great many conversations with its
denizens -the narrator comes to the following conclusion regarding the ultimate origins of the
fantastic Vril-ya race:

[T]his people - though originally not only of our human race, but, as seems to me clear by the
roots of their language, descended from the same ancestors as the great Aryan family, from
which in varied streams has flowed the dominant civilisation of the world; and having, according
to their myths and their history, passed through phases of society familiar to ourselves, - had yet
now developed into a distinct species with which it was impossible that any community in the
upper world could amalgamate: And that if they ever emerged from these nether recesses into
the light of day, they would, according to their own traditional persuasions of their ultimate
destiny, destroy and replace our existent varieties of man. (7)

Although greatly impressed with the knowledge and accomplishments of the Vril-ya, the narrator
is nevertheless terrified by their power and the ease with which they wield it, implying at one
point that, should he have angered them at any time, they would have had no compunction in
turning their Vril Staffs on him and reducing him to cinders. This uneasiness, coupled with his
natural desire to return to the upper world and the life with which he is familiar, prompts the
narrator to begin seeking a means of escape from the subterranean world of the Vril-ya. Aid
comes in the unlikely form of Zee, who has fallen in love with him and has attempted to
persuade him to stay, but who nevertheless understands that an unrequited love cannot result in
happiness for either of them. It is she who leads him back to the mine shaft through which he
first entered the realm of the Vril-ya.

Upon his return home, the narrator begins to ponder the wonders he has beheld far below the
surface of the Earth, and once again hints at the possible dreadful fate awaiting a blissfully
unaware humanity at the hands of the 'Coming Race'. In the final chapter, we read:

[T]he more I think of a people calmly developing, in regions excluded from our sight and deemed
uninhabitable by our sages, powers surpassing our most disciplined modes offeree, and virtues
to which our life, social and political, becomes antagonistic in proportion as our civilisation
advances, - the more devoutly I pray that ages may yet elapse before there emerge into sunlight
our inevitable destroyers. (8)

It is an assumption of many occultists that The Coming Race is fact disguised as fiction: that
Bulwer-Lytton based his engaging novel on a genuine body of esoteric knowledge. He was
greatly interested in the Rosicrucians, the powerful occult society which arose in the sixteenth
century and which claimed to possess ancient wisdom, discovered in a secret underground
chamber, regarding the ultimate secrets of the Universe. There is some evidence that Bulwer-
Lytton believed in the possibility of a subterranean world, for he wrote to his friend Hargrave
Jennings in 1854: 'So Rosenkreuz [the founder of the Rosicrucians] found his wisdom in a secret
chamber. So will we all. There is much to be learned from the substrata of our planet.' (9)

Some writers, including Alec Maclellan, author of the fascinating book The Lost World of Agharti
(1996), have suggested that The Coming Race revealed too much of the subterranean world,
and was as a result suppressed in the years following Bulwer-Lytton's death in 1873. Indeed, he
describes the book as 'one of the hardest to find of all books of mysticism', (10) and informs us
of his own search for a copy, which for some years met with no success. While doubtless an
intriguing piece of stage-setting on Maclellan's part, the rarity of the book can surely be
accounted for by the unjust waning of Bulwer-Lytton's posthumous literary reputation
(mentioned earlier). The present author searched for some months for a copy of The Coming
Race, before finding an extremely affordable paperback edition in a high-street bookshop.

What is the connection between Bulwer-Lytton's strange novel and Nazi Germany? If there really
was a large colony of Tibetan monks in Berlin in the 1940s, what were they doing there? It
seems that the connection was none other than the Bavarian Karl Haushofer (1869-1946) whose
theories of Geopolitics gave rise to the concept of Lebensraum (living space), which Hitler
maintained would be necessary to the continued dominance of the superior Aryan race and
which he intended to take, primarily, from the Soviet Union. Haushofer, along with Dietrich
Eckart (1868-1923) - an anti-Semitic journalist and playwright who influenced Hitler's racial
attitudes and introduced him to influential social circles after the First World War - is frequently
described by believers in genuine Nazi occult power as a practising black magician, and the
'Master Magician of the Nazi Party'. (11)

Haushofer excelled at Munich University, where he began to develop his lifelong interest in the
Far East. After leaving university, he entered the German army, where his great intelligence
ensured a rapid rise through the ranks. His knowledge of the Far East earned him a posting as
military attache in Japan. The idea that Haushofer was an occult adept, with secret knowledge of
powerful trans-human entities, was first suggested by Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier in their
fascinating but historically unreliable book The Morning of the Magicians (which served as the
model for a number of subsequent treatments of Nazi occultism in the 1960s and early 1970s).

According to Pauwels and Bergier:

[Haushofer] believed that the German people originated in Central Asia, and that it was the Indo-
Germanic race which guaranteed the permanence, nobility and greatness of the world. While in
Japan, Haushofer is said to have been initiated into one of the most important secret Buddhist
societies and to have sworn, if he failed in his 'mission', to commit suicide in accordance with the
time-honoured ceremonial. (12)

Haushofer was also apparently a firm believer in the legend of Thule, the lost Aryan homeland in
the far north, which had once been the centre of an advanced civilisation possessed of magical
powers. Connecting this legend with the Thule Society, Pauwels and Bergier have this to say:

Beings intermediate between Man and other intelligent beings from Beyond would place at the
disposal of the [Thule Society] Initiates a reservoir of forces which could be drawn on to enable
Germany to dominate the world again and be the cradle of the coming race of Supermen which
would result from the mutations of the human species. One day her legions would set out to
annihilate everything that had stood in the way of the spiritual destiny of the Earth, and their
leaders would be men who knew everything, deriving their strength from the very fountain-head
of energy and guided by the Great Ones of the Ancient World ... It would seem that it was under
the influence of Karl Haushofer that [the Thule Society] took on its true character of a society of
Initiates in communion with the Invisible, and became the magic centre of the Nazi movement.
(13)

Serious historians such as Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke take issue with the claims of Pauwels and
Bergier and the later writers who reiterated them. Goodrick-Clarke, who has perhaps conducted
more research into primary German sources than any other writer in this curious field, states that
the claims regarding the secret guiding power of the Thule Society are 'entirely fallacious. The
Thule Society was dissolved in 1925 when support had dwindled.' He goes on to assure us that
'there is no evidence at all to link Haushofer to the groupl. (14) Nevertheless, Haushofer's
alleged skill in the Black Arts has become an important link in the Nazi occult chain as described
by writers on such fringe subjects.

After the end of the First World War, Haushofer returned to Munich, where he gained a doctorate
from the university. He divided his time between teaching and writing and founded the
Geopolitical Review in which he published his ideas on Lebensraum, which could 'both justify
territorial conquest by evoking the colonizing of Slav lands by Teutonic knights in the Middle Ages
and, emotively, conjure up notions of uniting in the Reich what came to be described as
Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) scattered throughout eastern Europe'. (15)

While incarcerated in the fortress of Landsberg am Lech following the failure of the Munich
Putsch in 1924, Adolf Hitler read and was influenced by Haushofer's books on geopolitics (he had
already been introduced to Haushofer by the professor's student assistant, Rudolf Hess). There is
no doubt that Hitler occupied his time in Landsberg judiciously, reading widely in several fields,
though not for the sake of education so much as to confirm and clarify his own preconceptions.
(He later said that Landsberg was his 'university paid for by the state'). (16)

According to Pauwels and Bergier and other fringe writers, Haushofer visited Hitler every day in
Landsberg, where he explained his geopolitical theories and described his travels through India in
the early years of the century. While in India, he had heard stories of a powerful civilisation living
beneath the Himalayas:

Thirty or forty centuries ago in the region of Gobi there was a highly developed civilization. As
the result of a catastrophe, possibly of an atomic nature, Gobi was transformed into a desert,
and the survivors emigrated, some going to the extreme North of Europe, and others towards
the Caucasus. The Scandinavian god Thor is supposed to have been one of the heroes of this
migration.

... Haushofer proclaimed the necessity of 'a return to the sources' of the human race - in other
words, that it was necessary to conquer the whole of Eastern Europe, Turkestan, Pamir, Gobi
and Thibet. These countries constituted, in his opinion, the central core, and whoever had
control of them controlled the whole world. (17)

After the cataclysm that destroyed the Gobi civilisation, the survivors migrated to a vast cavern
system beneath the Himalayas where they split into two groups, one of which followed the path
of spirituality, enlightenment and meditation while the other followed the path of violence and

materialistic power. The first of these centres was called Agartha, the other Shambhala. (These
names have many different spellings: for Agartha, I use the simplest; for Shambhala, the spelling
favoured by Orientalists.) We shall return for a closer look to the realms of Agartha and
Shambhala in the next chapter.

According to Alec Maclellan, among the many books Hitler read while languishing in Landsberg
was Bulwer-Lytton's The Coming Race, which, Haushofer informed him, was an essentially
correct description of the race of Supermen living far beneath the surface of the Earth and
corroborated much of what the professor had himself learned while travelling in Asia. Bulwer-
Lytton's novel apparently galvanised Hitler's imagination, and he 'began to yearn for the day
when he might establish for himself the actuality of the secret civilization beneath the snows of
Tibet ...'(18)

In the following year, 1925, the Vril Society (also known as the Luminous Lodge) was formed by
a group of Berlin Rosicrucians including Karl Haushofer. As Joscelyn Godwin informs us, there is
only one primary source of information on the Vril Society: Willy Ley, a German rocket engineer
who fled to the United States in 1933 and followed a successful career writing popular science
books. In 1947, Ley published an article entitled 'Pseudoscience in Naziland'. Following a
description of Ariosophy, Ley writes:

The next group was literally founded upon a novel. That group which I think called itself
Wahrheitsgesellschaft -Society for Truth - and which was more or less localized in Berlin, devoted
its spare time looking for Vril. Yes, their convictions were founded upon Bulwer-Lytton's 'The
Coming Race'. They knew that the book was fiction, Bulwer-Lytton had used that device in order
to be able to tell the truth about this 'power'. The subterranean humanity was nonsense, Vril was
not. Possibly it had enabled the British, who kept it as a State secret, to amass their colonial
empire. Surely the Romans had had it, inclosed [sic] in small metal balls, which guarded their
homes and were referred to as lares. For reasons which I failed to penetrate, the secret of Vril
could be found by contemplating the structure of an apple, sliced in halves. No, I am not joking,
that is what I was told with great solemnity and secrecy. Such a group actually existed, they
even got out the first issue of a magazine which was to proclaim their credo. (19)

Although they apparently interviewed Ley, Pauwels and Bergier could learn nothing more from
him about this mysterious society; however, they later discovered that the group actually called
itself the Vril Society, and that Karl Haushofer was intimately connected with it. (Joscelyn Godwin
kindly reminds us of the unreliability of the splendid Pauwels and Bergier: although they cite Jack
Fishman's The Seven Men of Spandau with regard to Haushofer's connection to the Vril Society,
Fishman actually makes no such reference.) (20)

Pauwels and Bergier go on to inform us that, having failed in his mission, Haushofer committed
suicide on 14 March 1946, in accordance with his pledge to his masters in the secret Japanese
society into which he had been initiated. Once again, the truth is somewhat different: Haushofer
did not commit ham kin but died from arsenic poisoning on 10 March. In addition, Ley's
reference to 'contemplating the structure of an apple, sliced in halves' (thus revealing the five-
pointed star at its centre) echoes Rudolf Steiner's suggestion in Knowledge of Higher Worlds and
Its Attainment. Indeed, as Godwin reminds us, (21) the Theosophists were themselves interested
in the concept of the vril force, which bears some resemblance to Reichenbach's Odic force, and
to the Astral Light, also known as the Akashic Records: a subtle form of energy said to surround
the Earth, in which is preserved a record of every thought and action that has ever occurred.

In spite of the sober research of writers like Goodrick-Clarke and Godwin, the idea of an
immensely sinister and powerful Vril Society secretly controlling the Third Reich has lost nothing
of its ability to fascinate. Many still maintain that Haushofer introduced Hitler to the leader of the
group of Tibetan high lamas living in Berlin, a man known only as 'The Man with the Green
Gloves', and that this man knew the locations of the hidden entrances to the subterranean
realms of Agartha and Shambhala. (22)

These rumours doubtless gave rise to the famous legends about Hitler's obsessive search for the
entrances to the inner world. According to Maclellan: 'The first expeditions were dispatched
purely under the auspices of the Luminous Lodge, beginning in 1926, but later, after coming to
power, Hitler took a more direct interest, overseeing the organization of the searches himself.'
(23) Maclellan also states that Hitler believed unequivocally that 'certain representatives of the
underground super-race were already abroad in the world', (24) citing Hermann Rauschning's
famous book Hitler Speaks A Senes of Political Conversations with Adolf Hitler on his Real Aims
(1939). The conversations recorded by Rauschning have served as source material for many
writers on the Third Reich, including serious ones. Proponents of genuine Nazi occult power have
repeatedly pointed to the mystical elements in Hitler's conversations as relayed by Rauschning,
who says that he repeatedly had the feeling that Hitler was a medium, possessed of supernatural
powers. It seems that on one occasion, Hitler actually met one of the subterranean Supermen.
Rauschning claims that Hitler confided to him: The new man is among us. He is here! Now are
you satisfied? I will tell you a secret. I have seen the vision of the new man - fearless and
formidable. I shrank from him.' (25)

To his credit, Maclellan states that this was more than likely a deranged fantasy on Hitler's part.
However, Rauschning's very description should be treated with extreme caution: it should be
noted that, in spite of the widespread interest it stimulated, Hitler Speaks has not stood the test
of time as an accurate historical document. In fact, Ian Kershaw, one of the foremost authorities
on Hitler and the author of Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris (1998), does not cite Rauschning's book
anywhere in his monumental study, and states that it is 'a work now regarded to have so little
authenticity that it is best to disregard it altogether'. (26)

As the story goes, Hitler ordered a number of expeditions into German, Swiss and Italian mines
to search for the entrances to the cavern cities of the Supermen. He is even said to have ordered
research to be conducted into the life of Bulwer-Lytton, in an effort to determine whether the
author himself had visited the realm of the Vril-ya. While serious writers ignore these rumours,
there is an interesting event on record that Maclellan quotes in his The Lost World of Agharti and
that illustrates the frustrating nature of the 'twilight zone between fact and fiction' in which we
find ourselves when discussing Nazi occultism.

Maclellan cites the testimony of one Antonin Horak, an expert speleologist and member of the
Slovak Uprising, who accidentally discovered a strange tunnel in Czechoslovakia in October 1944.
Dr Horak kept quiet about the discovery until 1965, when he published an account in the
National Speleological Society News. In his article, Dr Horak stated that he and two other
Resistance fighters found the tunnel near the villages of Plavince and Lubocna (he is quite
specific about the location: 49.2 degrees north, 20.7 degrees east). Having just survived a
skirmish with the Germans, the three men (one of whom was badly injured) asked a local
peasant for help. He led them to an underground grotto where they could hide and rest. The
peasant told the Resistance men that the cave contained pits, pockets of poison gas, and was
also haunted, and warned them against venturing too far inside. This they had no intention of
doing, such was their weariness. They attended to the wounds of their comrade and fell asleep.

The following day, Horak's curiosity got the better of him and, while he waited for the injured
man to recover enough strength to travel again, he decided to do a little exploring inside the
cave. Presently, he came to a section that was completely different from the rest of the cave.
'Lighting some torches, I saw that I was in a spacious, curved, black shaft formed by cliff-like
walls. The floor in the incline was a solid lime pavement.' (27) The tunnel stretched interminably
into the distance. Dr Horak decided to take a sample of the wall, but was unable to make any
impression with his pickaxe. He took his pistol and fired at the wall (surely an unwise thing to do,
given the risk of a ricochet and with German soldiers possibly still in the vicinity).

'The bullet slammed into the substance of the walls with a deafening, fiery impact/ he wrote.
'Sparks flashed, there was a roaring sound, but not so much as a splinter fell from the substance.
Only a small welt appeared, about the length of half my finger, which gave off a pungent smell.'

Dr Horak then returned to his comrades and told them about the apparently man-made tunnel. 'I
sat there by the fire speculating. How far did it reach into the rocks? I wondered.

Who, or what, put it into the mountain? Was it man-made? And was it at last proof of the truth
in legends - like Plato's - of long-lost civilisations with magic technologies which our rationale
cannot grasp or believe?' (28) No one else, apparently, has explored this tunnel since Dr Horak in
1944. The peasants who lived in the region obviously knew of its existence, but kept well away.

In addition to the stories of Nazi mine expeditions in Central and Eastern Europe during the
Second World War, occult writers have frequently made reference to the Nazi Tibet Expeditions,
allegedly an attempt to locate and make contact with a group of high lamas with access to
fantastic power. Once again, Pauwels and Bergier have plenty to say on this subject, which is in
itself enough to give pause to the cautious.

The American researcher Peter Levenda experienced a similar scepticism with regard to the
supposed Nazi-Tibet connection, until he began to search for references in the microfilmed
records in the Captured German Documents Section of the National Archives in Washington, DC.
He discovered a wealth of material, running to many hundreds of pages, dealing with the work of
Dr Ernst Schafer of the Ahnenerbe. These documents included Dr Schafer's personal notebooks,
his correspondence, clippings from several German newspapers, and his SS file, which describes
an expedition to East and Central Tibet from 1934-1936, and the official SS-Tibet Expedition of
1938-1939 under his leadership. (29)

As Levenda demonstrates, the expedition was not so much concerned with contacting Tibetan
representatives of the subterranean super-race as with cataloguing the flora and fauna of the
region (an activity of little military value to the Third Reich, which accounts for the difficulty
Schafer occasionally had in securing funding for his trips).

Born in Cologne on 14 March 1910 into a wealthy industrialist family, Ernst Schafer attended
school in Heidelberg and Gottingen, and embarked on his first expedition to Tibet in 1930 under
the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia when he was only twenty years
old. The following year, he joined the American Brooke Dolan expedition to Siberia, China and
Tibet. He became a member of the SS in mid-1933, finally reaching the rank of Sturmbannfuhrer
in 1942. In addition to being an SS officer, Schafer was also a respected scientist who published
papers in various journals, such as the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia. As Levenda wryly notes, Schafer was 'a man of many parts: one part SS officer and
one part scholar, one part explorer and one part scientist: a Nazi Indiana Jones'. (30) Schafer
was also deeply interested in the religious and cultural practices of the Tibetans, including their
sexuality. (Indeed, the members of the 1938-1939 expedition displayed a somewhat prurient
fascination with intimate practices: the film-maker Ernst Krause, for instance, took great care to
record his observation of a fifteen-year-old Lanchung girl masturbating on a bridge beam.) (31)

When not cataloguing flora and fauna (and spying on teenage girls), the members of the
expedition managed to conduct other research, which included an exhaustive study of the
physical attributes of the Tibetan people. Schafer noted height and weight, the shape of hands
and feet, the colour and shape of eyes, and even took plaster casts of Tibetans' faces. On 21 July
1939, Der Neue Tag published the following article:

SACRED TIBETAN SCRIPTURE

ACQUIRED BY THE DR SCHAFER-EXPEDITION ON
NINE ANIMAL LOADS ACROSS THE HIGH-COUNTRY

(SPECIAL) FRANKFURT - 20 JULY The Tibet Expedition of Dr Ernst Schafer, which during its
expedition through Tibet stayed a long time in Lhasa and in the capital of the Panchen Lama,
Shigatse, is presently on its return trip to Germany. Since the monsoons began unusually early,
the return march of the expedition was hastened in order to secure the shipment of the precious

collections. The expedition has singularly valuable scientific research results to inventory. In
addition to outstanding accomplishments in the areas of geophysical and earth-magnetic
research they succeeded in obtaining an extra-rich ethnological collection including, along with
cult objects, many articles and tools of daily life.

With the help of the regent of Lhasa it was Dr Schafer who also succeeded in obtaining the
Kangschur, the extensive, 108-volume sacred script of the Tibetans, which required nine animal
loads to transport. Also especially extensive are the zoological and botanical collections that the
expedition has already shipped, in part, to Germany, the remainder of which they will bring
themselves. The zoological collection includes the total bird-fauna of the research area. Dr
Schafer was also able, for the first time, to bag a Schapi, a hitherto unknown wild goat. About 50
live animals are on the way to Germany, while numerous other live animals are still with the
expedition. An extensive herbarium of all existing plants is also on its way. Furthermore, valuable
geographical and earth-historical accomplishments were made. Difficulties encountered due to
political tensions with the English authorities were eliminated due to personal contact between Dr
Schafer and members of the British authorities in Shangtse, so that the unimpeded return of the
expedition out of Tibet with its valuable collections was guaranteed. (32)

Levenda informs us that he was unable to discover the fate of the Kangschur, the 'core
document' of Tibetan Buddhism, although he suspects that it was taken to Vienna. With regard
to the expedition itself, while it must be conceded that it had very little to do with the occult or
magical ambitions of the Third Reich, it is possible that the 'earth-magnetic' and 'geophysical'
experiments had a firm foundation in a very shaky theory. Levenda suggests that the Tibet
Expedition of 1938-1939 attempted to prove the pseudo-scientific World Ice Theory of Hans
Horbiger. This bizarre theory will be discussed in detail in Chapter Seven. But for now, let us
return to the concept embodied in the rumours about the Vril Society, with its alleged attempts
to contact (and enlist the aid of) a mysterious group of vastly powerful Eastern adepts. To
examine the origins of this idea, we must ourselves embark on a journey to Tibet, known in
some quarters as 'the Phantom Kingdom'.

4 - The phantom kingdom

The Nazi -Tibet Connection

At first sight, it might seem strange in the extreme that the architects of the Third Reich would
be interested in a region that many consider to be the spiritual centre of the world; until, that is,
we remember that, according to Thulean mythology, this centre was once the Aryan homeland in
the Arctic, and was displaced with the fall of Atlantis around 10,800 BC (see Chapter Two). Since
then, the spiritual centre, while remaining hidden from the vast majority of humanity who are
unworthy of its secrets, has nevertheless been the primary force controlling the destiny of the
planet. (1) The two hidden realms of Agartha and Shambhala constitute the double source of
supernatural power emanating from Tibet, and have come to occupy an important place in
twentieth-century occultism and fringe science.

Before we address the Third Reich's alleged interest in Agartha and Shambhala, it is essential
that we pause for a (necessarily brief) examination of the role of Shambhala in Tibetan
mysticism. In this way, we may chart the course of its warping and degradation as it was fitted
into the Nazi scheme of crypto-history.

The Land of the Immortals

The writer Andrew Tomas spent many years studying the myths and legends of the Far East, and
his book Shambhala: Oasis of Light is an eloquent argument in favour of the realm's actual
existence. In the book, Tomas cites the ancient writings of China, which refer to Nu and Kua, the
'Asiatic prototypes of Adam and Eve' and their birthplace in the Kun Lun Mountains of Central
Asia. It is something of a mystery-why such a desolate, forbidding place should serve as the
Chinese Garden of Eden rather than more hospitable regions such as the Yangtse Valley or the
province of Shantung, and Tomas speculates that the Gobi Desert may at one time have been an
inland sea with accompanying fertile land. (2) As we shall see later in this chapter, the Gobi is a
prime candidate as a site for one of the ancient and unknown civilising cultures whose wisdom
has been passed down through the ages.

The Kun Lun Mountains hold a very important place in Chinese mythology, since it is in this
range that the Immortals are believed to live, ruled by Hsi Wang Mu, the Queen Mother of the
West. Hsi Wang Mu, who is also called Kuan Yin, the goddess of mercy, is said to live in a nine-
storeyed palace of jade. Surrounding this palace is a vast garden in which grows the Peach Tree
of Immortality. Only the most wise and virtuous of human beings are permitted to visit the
garden and eat the fruit, which appears only once every 6,000 years. (3)

The Immortals who aid Hsi Wang Mu in her attempts to guide humanity towards wisdom and
compassion possess perfect, ageless bodies, and are said to be able to travel anywhere in the
Universe, and to live on the planets of other star systems. As Tomas notes, whether the ancient
Chinese believed that the Immortals could travel in space in their physical bodies or by projecting
their minds, this is still a remarkable concept to entertain, since it is based on an acceptance of
the plurality of inhabited worlds in the Cosmos.

Ancient Chinese texts are replete with legends regarding the attempts of many people to cross
the Gobi Desert to the Kun Lun Mountains. The most famous of these searchers is surely the
great philosopher Lao Tzu (c. 6 th century BC), author of the book of Taoist teaching Tao Te
Ching, who is said to have made the journey across the Gobi towards the end of his life. The
Vatican archives also contain many reports made by Catholic missionaries concerning deputations
from the emperors of China to the spiritual beings living in the mountains. These beings possess
bodies that are visible, but which are not made of flesh and blood: they are the 'mind-born' gods
whose bodies are composed of elementary atomic matter, which allow them to live anywhere in
the Universe, even at the centres of stars.

The people of India also believe in a place of wisdom and spiritual perfection; they call it Kalapa
or Katapa, and it is said to lie in a region north of the Himalayas, in Tibet. According to Indian
tradition, the Gobi Desert is the floor of what was once a great sea, which contained an island
called Sweta-Dvipa (White Island). The great Yogis who once lived there are believed to live still
in the high mountains and deep valleys that once formed the island of Sweta-Dvipa. This island
has been identified by Orientalists with the Isle of Shambhala of Puranic literature, which is said
to stand at the centre of a lake of nectar.

In the seventeenth century, two Jesuit missionaries, Stephen Cacella and John Cabral, recorded
the existence of Chang Shambhala, as described to them by the lamas of Shigatse, where Cacella
lived for 23 years until his death in 1650. (Chang Shambhala means Northern Shambhala, which
differentiates the abode of the spiritual adepts from the town called Shamballa, north of Benares,
India.) (4) Nearly 200 years later, a Hungarian philologist named Csoma de Koros, who lived for
four years from 1827-30 in a Buddhist monastery in Tibet, claimed that Chang Shambhala lay
between 45° and 50° north latitude, beyond the river Syr Daria. (5)

Legends of a hidden spiritual centre, a sacred zone whose inhabitants secretly guide the
evolution of life on Earth, are widespread in the ancient cultures of the East. The writer Victoria
Le Page describes this wondrous realm thus:

... [Sjomewhere beyond Tibet, among the icy peaks and secluded valleys of Central Asia, there
lies an inaccessible paradise, a place of universal wisdom and ineffable peace called Shambhala

... It is inhabited by adepts from every race and culture who form an inner circle of humanity
secretly guiding its evolution. In that place, so the legends say, sages have existed since the
beginning of human history in a valley of supreme beatitude that is sheltered from the icy arctic
winds and where the climate is always warm and temperate, the sun always shines, the gentle
airs are always beneficient and nature flowers luxuriantly. (6)

Only the purest of heart are allowed to find this place (others, less idealistically motivated, who
search for it risk an icy grave) where want, evil, violence and injustice do not exist. The
inhabitants possess both supernatural powers and a highly advanced technology; their bodies are
perfect, and they devote their time to the study of the arts and sciences. The concept of the
hidden spiritual centre of the world is to be found in Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, shamanism
and other ancient traditions. In the Bon religion of pre-Buddhist Tibet, Shambhala is also called
'Olmolungring' and 'Dejong'. In Tibetan Buddhism, the Shambhalic tradition is enshrined within
the Kalachakra texts, which are said to have been taught to the King of Shambhala by the
Buddha before being returned to India. (7)

As might be expected with such a marvellous, legend-haunted place, there has been a great deal
of speculation as to the exact whereabouts of Shambhala. (It is unlikely to be found at Koros's
map coordinates.) While some esotericists believe that Shambhala is a real place with a concrete,
physical presence in a secret location on Earth, others prefer to see it as existing on a higher
spiritual plane, what might be called another dimension of space-time coterminous with our own.
Alternatively, Shambhala might be considered as a state of mind, comparable to the terms in
which some consider the Holy Grail. As with the Grail, Shambhala maybe a state within
ourselves, in which we may gain an insight into the higher spirituality inherent in the Universe, as
distinct from the mundane world of base matter in which we normally exist.

Having said this, it should be noted that there are certain cases on record in which Westerners
have experienced visions of a place bearing a striking resemblance to the fabled Shambhala.
Victoria Le Page cites a particularly intriguing case in her book Shambhala: The Fascinating Truth
Behind the Myth of Shangri-la. The case was investigated by a Dr Raynor Johnson who, in the
1960s, gathered together several hundred first-hand accounts of mystical experiences. It
involved a young Australian woman who claimed to have psychic abilities, and who was referred
to simply as L.C.W.

L.C.W. wrote that at the age of 21 she began to attend a place she came to know as 'Night-
School'. At night she would fly in her sleep to this place, the location of which she had no idea.
Once there she would join other people in dance exercises which she later recognised as being
similar to the dervish exercises taught by George Gurdjieff. After several years, she graduated to
a different class, where she was taught spiritual lessons from a great book of wisdom. It was
only years later, when L.C.W. began to take an interest in mystical literature, that she realised
the true location of Night-School must have been Shambhala.

L.C.W. had other visions in which she saw what appeared to be a gigantic mast or antenna,
extending from Earth deep into interstellar space. The base of this antenna was in the Pamirs or
Tien Shan Mountains, regions which are traditionally associated with Shambhala. She was taken
towards this antenna by an invisible guide, and saw that it was a pillar of energy whose branches
were actually paths leading to other worlds, marked by geometrical figures such as circles,
triangles and squares.

According to L.C.W., this 'antenna' was nothing less than a gateway to other times, other
dimensions and other regions of this Universe. In addition to the antenna serving as a gateway
for souls from Earth to travel to other times and places, 'she believed souls from other systems in
space could enter the earth sphere by the same route, carrying their own spiritual influences with
them'. (8) L.C.W. also maintained that the antenna could be controlled directly by the mind of
the voyager, and would extend a branch or 'pseudopod' in response to a single thought. This
branch then became a 'trajectory of light' along which the soul would travel; in her case, she

found herself in China 30 years in the future. The spiritual being who was guiding her explained
that the earth was in the process of being purified, and that a 'great rebirth' was about to occur.
She also witnessed the apparent falling of a cluster of 'stars' that represented the arrival of 'high
souls [that] were now coming down to help in the special event'. (9)

Our knowledge of the Shambhalic tradition in the West has come mainly from Orientalist scholars
such as Helena Blavatsky, Rene Guenon, Louis Jacolliot, Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and Nicholas
Roerich. Since we have already spent some time with Madame Blavatsky, we may turn our
attention to the work of the others, notably Nicholas Roerich (1874-1947), poet, artist, mystic
and humanist, and perhaps the most famous and respected of the esotericists who brought news
of this fabulous realm to Westerners.

Born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1874, Nicholas Roerich came from a distinguished family whose
ability to trace its origins to the Vikings of the tenth century inspired his early interest in
archaeology. This interest led in turn to a lifelong fascination with art, through which, in the
words of K. P. Tampy, who wrote a monograph on Roerich in 1935, he became 'possessed of a
burning desire to get at the beautiful and make use of it for his brethren'. (10) After attending
the St Petersburg Academy of Fine Art, Roerich went to Paris to continue his studies. In 1906, he
won a prize for his design of a new church, and was also rewarded with the position of Director
of the Academy for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in Russia. However, the Russian Revolution
occurred while he was on a visit to America, and he found himself unable to return to his
motherland.

Roerich's profound interest in Buddhist mysticism led to his proposing an expedition in 1923 that
would explore India, Mongolia and Tibet. The Roerich Expedition of 1923-26 was made across
the Gobi Desert to the Altai Mountains. It was during this expedition that Roerich's party had a
most unusual experience - one of the many experiences that seem to offer strange and puzzling
connections between apparently disparate elements of the paranormal and that make it such a
complex and fascinating field of human enquiry. In the summer of 1926, Roerich had set up
camp with his son, Dr George Roerich, and several Mongolian guides in the Shara-gol valley near
the Humboldt Mountains between Mongolia and Tibet. Roerich had just built a white stupa (or
shrine), dedicated to Shambhala. The shrine was consecrated in August, with the ceremony
witnessed by a number of invited lamas.

Two days later, the party watched as a large black bird wheeled through the sky above them.
This, however, was not what astonished them, for far beyond the black bird, high up in the
cloudless sky, they clearly saw a golden spheroidal object moving from the Altai Mountains to the
north at tremendous speed. Veering sharply to the south-west, the golden sphere disappeared
rapidly beyond the Humboldt Mountains. As the Mongolian guides shouted to one another in the
utmost excitement, one of the lamas turned to Roerich and informed him that the fabulous
golden orb was the sign of Shambhala, meaning that the lords of that realm approved of his
mission of exploration.

Later, Roerich was asked by another lama if there had been a perfume on the air. When Roerich
replied that there had been, the lama told him that he was guarded by the King of Shambhala,
Rigden Jye-Po, that the black vulture was his enemy, but that he was protected by a 'Radiant
form of Matter'. The lama added that anyone who saw the radiant sphere should follow the
direction in which it flew, for in that direction lay Shambhala.

The exact purpose of this expedition (aside from exploration) was never made entirely clear by
Roerich, but many writers on esoteric subjects have claimed that he was on a mission to return a
certain sacred object to the King's Tower at the centre of Shambhala. According to Andrew
Tomas, the sacred object was a fragment of the Chintamani stone, the great mass of which lies
in the Tower. Astonishingly, the stone is said to have been brought to Earth originally by an
extraterrestrial being.

According to tradition, a chest fell from the sky in AD 331; the chest contained four sacred
objects, including the Chintamani stone. Many years after the casket was discovered, five
strangers visited King Tho-tho-ri Nyan-tsan to explain the use of the sacred objects. The
Chintamani stone is said to come from one of the star systems in the constellation of Orion,
probably Sirius. The main body of the stone is always kept in the Tower of Shambhala, although
small pieces are sometimes transferred to other parts of the world during times of great change.

It is rumoured that the fragment of Chintamani which Roerich was returning to the Tower had
been in the possession of the League of Nations, of which Roerich was a highly respected
member.

The Caves Beneath the Himalayas

The concept of a subterranean realm (which we will discuss in much greater detail in Chapter
Seven) is common throughout the world's religions and mythologies. With regard to the present
study, we can identify a powerful antecedent to the legends and rumours still extant today in the
mythology of Tibet. In his 1930 book Shambhala, Roerich describes his attempts to understand
the origins of underworld legends 'to discover what memories were being cherished in the folk-
memory'. (11) In commenting on the ubiquity of subterranean legends, he notes that the more
one examines them, the greater the conviction that they are all 'but chapters from the one story'.

(12) An examination of the folklores of 'Tibet, Mongolia, China, Turkestan, Kashmir, Persia, Altai,
Siberia, the Ural, Caucasia, the Russian steppes, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France'

(13) will yield tales of dwellers beneath the earth. In many places, the local people can even
guide the curious traveller to cave entrances in isolated places, which are said to lead to the
hidden world of the subterraneans.

Central Asia is home to legends of an underground race called the Agharti; the Altai Mountains
are the dwelling place of the Chud. In Shambhala, Roerich states that the name 'Chud' in Russian
has the same origin as the word 'wonder'. His guide through the Altai Mountains told him that
the Chud were originally a powerful but peaceful tribe who flourished in the area in the distant
past. However, they fell prey to marauding bands of warriors, and could only escape by leaving
their fertile valley and departing into the earth to continue their civilisation in subterranean
realms.

Roerich's guide continued that at certain times the Chud could be heard singing in their
underground temples. Elsewhere in the Altai Mountains, on the way to Khotan, Roerich reports
that the hoofs of their horses sounded hollow upon the ground, as though they were riding over
immense caves. Other members of the caravan called to Roerich: 'Do you hear what hollow
subterranean passages we are crossing? Through these passages, people who are familiar with
them can reach far-off countries.' (14) (The significance of this claim will become more apparent
in Chapter Seven.) The caravaneers continued: 'Long ago people lived there; now they have
gone inside; they have found a subterranean passage to the subterranean kingdom. Only rarely
do some of them appear again on earth. At our bazaar such people come with strange, very
ancient money, but nobody could even remember a time when such money was in usage here.'
When Roerich asked if he, too, could see such people, his companions replied: 'Yes, if your
thoughts are similarly high and in contact with these holy people, because only sinners are upon
earth and the pure and courageous people pass on to something more beautiful.' (15)

In the region of Nijni Novgorod there is a legend of a subterranean city called Kerjenetz that
sank into a lake. In Roerich's time, local people still held processions through the area, during
which they would listen for the bells of invisible churches.

Roerich's party went on to discover four more groups of menhirs, and several tombs, taking the
form of a square outlined by large stones. To the people of the Himalayas, those who built these
monuments, although now departed, are not to be found anywhere on the Earth's surface: 'all
which has disappeared, has departed underground'. (16)

Dr Ferdinand Ossendowski, whom we shall meet again in a little while, was told by lamas in
Mongolia of fabulous civilisations existing before recorded history. To Ossendowski's
astonishment, the lamas claimed that when the homelands of these civilisations in the Atlantic
and Pacific were destroyed by natural cataclysms some of their inhabitants survived in previously
prepared subterranean shelters, illuminated by artificial light. Andrew Tomas speculates that the
Celtic legend of 'the Lordly Ones in the hollow hills' is a folk memory of the survivors of the
destruction of the Atlantic continent. (17)

In India, legends tell of a race of beings called the Nagas. Serpent-like and extremely intelligent,
the Nagas live in vast caverns illuminated by precious stones. Although reptilian, the Nagas have
human faces and are incredibly beautiful. Able to fly, they intermarried with kings and queens
from the surface world, although they remain shy of surface dwellers and keep well away from
all but the most spiritually advanced. Their capital city is called Bhogawati, and is said to be
covered with rubies, emeralds and diamonds. (18)

Tomas writes that many Hindus and Tibetans have entered the caves of the Nagas, which stretch
for hundreds of miles inside the mountains.

The inhabitants of this region speak of large lotus flowers floating on the surface of the
Manasarawar Lake in the western part of the Tsang Po Valley. Radiant figures have also been
seen near this extremely cold fresh-water lake.

The Realm ofAgartha

Despite its inclusion in many popular books on Eastern mysticism, the name 'Agartha' is unknown
in Asiatic mythology. In fact, one of the many variations on the name, 'Asgaard', was first used
by the French writer Ernest Renan in the 1870s. Although clearly inspired by Nordic mythology,
Renan placed his Asgaard in Central Asia, while another French writer, Louis Jacolliot (1837-
1890), was writing at the same time about a city of Asgartha. (19) A magistrate in
Chandernagor, India, Jacolliot wrote a number of books on the relationship between Indian
mythology and Christianity.

He was allegedly told the legend of Asgartha by a group of local Brahmins, who allowed him to
consult various sacred texts, such as the Book of Historical Zodiacs.

According to Jacolliot, Asgartha was a prehistoric 'City of the Sun', home of the Brahmatma, the
visible manifestation of God on Earth. (20) Asgartha existed in India in 13,300 BC, where the
Brahmatma lived in an immense palace; he was invisible, and only appeared to his subjects once
a year. Interestingly, Jacolliot stated that this high prehistoric culture existed long before the
Aryans, who conquered Asgartha around 10,000 BC. The priests of Asgartha then managed to
form an alliance with the victorious Aryan Brahmins, which resulted in the formation of the
warrior caste of Kshatriyas. About 5,000 years later, Asgartha was destroyed by the brothers
Ioda and Skandah, who came from the Himalayas. Eventually driven out by the Brahmins, the
brothers travelled north - and later gave their names to 'Odin' and 'Scandinavia'. (21)

Ferdinand Ossendowski (1876-1945) was another early writer on the legend ofAgartha.

Although born in Vitebsk, Poland, he spent most of his early life in Russia, attending the
University of St Petersburg. For much of the 1890s, he travelled extensively in Mongolia and
Siberia, developing his interest in and knowledge of Buddhist mysticism. He returned to Europe
in 1900 and gained a doctorate in Paris in 1903, before returning to Russia and working as a
chemist for the Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. He then became
president of the 'Revolutionary Government of the Russian Far East', before being taken prisoner
by the Russian Government for his anti-Tsarist activities. (22)

After two years' imprisonment in Siberia, he taught physics and chemistry in the Siberian town of
Omsk, until the Bolshevik Revolution forced him to flee Russia with a small group of fellow White
Russians. Together they travelled across Siberia and into Mongolia, and he wrote of their

adventures in his best-selling book Beasts, Men and Gods (1923). While in Mongolia,

Ossendowski made the acquaintance of a fellow Russian, a priest named Tushegoun Lama who
claimed to be a friend of the Dalai Lama. Tushegoun Lama told Ossendowski of the subterranean
kingdom of Agartha, home of the King of the World. Intrigued by this reference, Ossendowski
asked his friend for further information on this mysterious personage. 'Only one man knows his
holy name. Only one man now living was ever in [Agartha]. That is I. This is the reason why the
Most Holy Dalai Lama has honoured me and why the Living Buddha in Urga fears me. But in
vain, for I shall never sit on the Holy Throne of the highest priest in Lhasa nor reach that which
has come down from Jenghis Khan to the Head of our Yellow Faith. I am no monk. lama
warrior and avenger.' (23)

Several months later, while continuing across Mongolia with some guides left behind by
Tushegoun Lama (who had since gone his own way), Ossendowski was startled when his
companions suddenly halted and dismounted from their camels, which immediately lay down.

The Mongols began to pray, chanting: 'Om! Mani padme Hung!' Ossendowski waited until they
had finished praying before asking them what was happening. One of the Mongol guides replied
thus:

'Did you not see how our camels moved their ears in fear? How the herd of horses on the plain
stood fixed in attention and how the herds of sheep and cattle lay crouched close to the ground?
Did you notice that the birds did not fly, the marmots did not run and the dogs did not bark? The
air trembled softly and bore from afar the music of a song which penetrated to the hearts of
men, animals and birds alike. Earth and sky ceased breathing. The wind did not blow and the sun
did not move. At such a moment the wolf that is stealing up on the sheep arrests his stealthy
crawl; the frightened herd of antelopes suddenly checks its wild course; the knife of the
shepherd cutting the sheep's throat falls from his hand; the rapacious ermine ceases to stalk the
unsuspecting saiga. All living beings in fear are involuntarily thrown into prayer and waiting for
their fate. So it was just now. Thus it has always been whenever the "King of the World" in his
subterranean palace prays and searches out the destiny of all peoples on the earth.' (24)

Later, Ossendowski met an old Tibetan, Prince Chultun Beyli, living in exile in Mongolia, who
furnished him with more details of the subterranean realm of Agartha and the King of the World.
Agartha, he said, extends throughout all the subterranean passageways of the world. The
inhabitants owe allegiance to the 'King of the World'. They can cultivate crops due to a strange
light that pervades the underground realm. Some of the inhabitants of these regions are
extremely strange: one race has two tongues, enabling them to speak in two languages at the
same time. There are also many fantastic animals, including tortoises with sixteen feet and one
eye.

At this point, Ossendowski was approaching the Chinese border. It was his intention to take a
train to Peking, from which he might find passage to the West. In the town of Urga he met an
old lama, who provided him with yet more information on the King of the World. The King's
influence on the activities of the world's apparent leaders was profound. If their plans were
pleasing before God, then the King of the World would help them to realise them; but if they
displeased God, then the King would surely destroy them. His power came from the 'mysterious
science of "Om"', which is the name of an ancient Holyman who lived more than 300,000 years
ago, the first man to know God.

When Ossendowski asked him if anyone had ever seen the King of the World, the old lama
replied that during the solemn holidays of the ancient Buddhism in Siam and India the King
appeared five times in a 'splendid car drawn by white elephants'. (25) He wore a white robe and
a red tiara with strings of diamonds that hid his face. When he blessed the people with a golden
apple surmounted by the figure of a lamb, the 'blind received their sight, the dumb spoke, the
deaf heard, the crippled freely moved and the dead arose, wherever the eyes of the "King of the
World" rested'. (26)

Ossendowski then asked the lama how many people had been to Agartha. He replied that very
many had, but that they never spoke about what they had seen there. He continued that, when
the Olets destroyed Lhasa, one of their detachments found its way into the outskirts of Agartha,
where they learned some of the lesser mysterious sciences. This is the reason for the magical
skills of the Olets and Kalmucks.

Another of Ossendowski's informants, a lama named Turgut, told him that the capital of Agartha
is surrounded by the towns of the high priests and scientists, somewhat in the way that the
Potala palace of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa is surrounded by monasteries and temples. The throne
on which the King of the World sits is itself surrounded by millions of incarnated gods, the Holy
Panditas. The King's palace is surrounded by the palaces of the Goro, who possess fantastic
power, and who would easily be able to incinerate the entire surface of the Earth, should
humankind be unwise enough to declare war on them. (As we shall see in Chapter Seven, the
legend of the King of the World would serve as the inspiration for one of the most enduring
technological myths of the twentieth century.)

The legend of Agartha was discussed at length by another writer, the self-educated Christian
Hermeticist Saint-Yves d'Alveydre (1842-1909), whose marriage into money enabled him to
indulge his yearning for mystical understanding. In 1885 he began to take lessons in Sanskrit
from one Haji Sharif (1838-?), about whom very little is known save that he left India at the time
of the Sepoy Revolt of 1857 and worked as a bird-seller at Le Havre. (27) The manuscripts of
d'Alveydre's lessons are preserved in the library of the Sorbonne in Paris. In them, Sharif refers
to the 'Great Agarthian School' and the 'Holy Land of Agarttha' (one of the many alternative
spellings of the name).

Sharif claimed that the original language of humanity, called Vattan or Vattanian, derived from a
22-letter alphabet. Although he was unable physically to visit Agartha, d'Alveydre found an
ingenious alternative: through disengaging his astral body, he was able to visit the fabulous
realm in spirit form (see pages 108-110). His astral adventures resulted in a series of books
(Mission des Souverains, Mission des Ouvriers, Mission des Juifs and Mission de I'lnde), which he
published at his own expense. Interestingly, he destroyed the entire edition of the last work,
Mission de I'lnde, for fear that he had revealed too many secrets of Agartha and might be made
to pay for his transgression with his life. Only two copies survived: one that he kept himself and
one that was hidden by the printer. (28)

He might well have been concerned, for Mission de I'lnde contains a detailed account of Agartha,
which lies beneath the surface of the Earth somewhere in the East and is ruled over by an
Ethiopian 'Sovereign Pontiff called the Brahmatma. The realm of Agartha was transferred
underground at the beginning of the Kali-Yuga, about 3200 BC. The Agarthians possess
technology that was impressive in d'Alveydre's day, including railways and air travel. They know
everything about the surface-dwellers, and occasionally send emissaries. Agartha contains many
libraries in which all the knowledge of Earth is recorded on stone tablets in Vattanian characters,
including the means by which the living may communicate with the souls of the dead.

D'Alveydre states that, although many millions of students have tried to possess the secrets of
Agartha, very few have ever succeeded in getting further than the outer circles of the realm.

Like Bulwer-Lytton, who wrote of the Vril-ya in his fictional work The Coming Race (discussed in
the previous chapter), d'Alveydre speaks of the Agartthians as being superior to humanity in
every respect, the true rulers of the world. A certain amount of controversy arose when
Ossendowski published his Beasts, Men and Gods: it displayed such similarities to d'Alveydre's
work that he was accused by some of plagiarism only imperfectly masked by an alteration in the
spelling of Agartha. Ossendowski denied the charge vehemently, and claimed never to have
heard of d'Alveydre before 1924. Rene Guenon defended Ossendowski, and claimed that there
were many tales of subterranean realms told throughout Central Asia. In fact, Guenon's work
would later be heavily criticised by his translator Marco Pallis, who called his book Le Roi du

Monde (The King of the World) 'disastrous' in conversation with Joscelyn Godwin, on the grounds
that Ossendowski's sources were unreliable, and Guenon had allowed himself to enter the realms
of the sensational. (29)

The Nazis and Tibetan Mysticism.

The legends surrounding the realms of Agartha and Shambhala are confusing to say the least,
and their frequently contradictory nature does nothing to help in an understanding of their
possible influence on the hideous philosophy of the Third Reich. As we have seen, some writers
claim that Agartha and Shambhala are physical places, cities lying miles underground with
houses, palaces, streets and millions of inhabitants. Others maintain that they are altogether
more rarefied places, existing on some other level of reality but apparently coterminous with our
physical world. With regard to their exact location, Childress offers a short summary of their
many possible locations: 'Shambhala is sometimes said to be north of Lhasa, possibly in the Gobi
Desert, and other times it is said to be somewhere in Mongolia, or else in northern Tibet,
possibly in the Changtang Highlands. Agharta is said to be south of Lhasa, perhaps near the
Shigatse Monastery, or even in Northeast Nepal beneath Mount Kanchenjunga. Occasionally it is
said to be in Sri Lanka. Both have been located inside the hollow earth [see Chapter Seven].'

(30)

Adding to this confusion is the frequently made assertion that the two power centres are
opposed to each other, with Agartha seen as following the right-hand path of goodness and light,
and Shambhala following the left-hand path of evil and darkness (a dichotomy also expressed as
spirituality versus materialism). There is, needless to say, an opposing view that holds that
Agartha is a place of evil and Shambhala the abode of goodness.

There have been a number of rumours concerning practitioners of black magic operating in Tibet
and referring to themselves as the Shambhala or the Agarthi. (31) Although apparently outlawed
by Tibetan Buddhists, they are said to continue their activities in secret. One writer who claimed
to have encountered them was a German named Theodore Illion who spent the mid-1930s
travelling through Tibet. In his book Darkness Over Tibet (1937), he describes how he discovered
a deep shaft in the countryside. Wishing to gauge its depth, he dropped several stones into it
and waited for them to strike the bottom; he was rewarded only with silence. He was told by an
initiate that the shaft was 'immeasurably deep' and that only the highest initiates knew where it
ended. His companion added: 'Anyone who would find out where it leads to and what it is used
for would have to die.' (32)

Illion claimed to have gained access to a subterranean city inhabited by monks, whom he later
found to be 'black yogis' planning to control the world through telepathy and astral projection.
When he discovered that the food he was being given contained human flesh, he decided to
make a break for it and fled across Tibet with several of the monks after him. After several
weeks on the run, he managed to escape from Tibet and returned to the West with his bizarre
and frightening tale. (33)

There have also been persistent rumours that the Nazi interest in Tibet (itself a documented
historical fact) was actually inspired by a desire to contact the black adepts of Shambhala and/or
Agartha and to enlist their aid in the conquest of the world (see Chapter Three). One of the most
vocal proponents of this idea was the British occult writer Trevor Ravenscroft, whose claims we
shall examine in greater detail in the next chapter. The schism between Shambhala and Agartha
is described by Rene Guenon, who relates in Le Roi du Monde how the ancient civilisation in the
Gobi Desert was all but destroyed by a natural cataclysm, and the 'Sons of Intelligences of
Beyond' retreated to the caverns beneath the Himalayas and re-established their civilisation.
There followed the formation of two groups: the Agarthi, who followed the way of spirituality,
and the Shambhalists, who followed the way of violence and materialism.

Guenon claimed (as would Illion several years later) that the denizens of the subterranean world
sought to influence the lives and actions of the surface dwellers through various occult means,

including telepathic hypnosis and mediumship. Childress finds it intriguing that Hitler sent
expeditions to Tibet in the late 1930s, soon after the publication of Illion's book Darkness Over
Tibet, and suggests that their true objective was to make contact with the occult groups. (34)

This crypto-historical scenario continues with Hitler making the acquaintance of a mysterious
Tibetan monk who told him that Germany could conquer the world by forging an alliance with
the 'Lords of Creation'. While the victorious Russians were picking their way through the ruins of
Berlin (and, according to some, discovering the bodies of several Tibetan monks, as we saw in
Chapter Three), it is claimed by the crypto-historians that Hitler was flying out of the city's
Tempelhof Airfield to a rendezvous with the U-boat (possibly U-977) that would take him either
to Argentina or Antarctica. There is, however, a variation on this theme that has the Fuhrer
escaping to Tibet to be hidden by those whose alliance he had sought. According to an article in
the May 1950 issue of the pro-Nazi Tempo Der Welt, that magazine's publisher, Karl Heinz
Kaerner, claimed to have met with Martin Bormann in Morocco the previous year. If the story is
to be believed (which would be extremely unwise), Bormann informed Kaerner that Hitler was
alive in a Tibetan monastery, and that one day he would be back in power in Germany!

In addressing the question of whether such black magicians really lived (or still live) in Tibet,
Childress reminds us that in her book Initiations and Initiates in Tibet, the French writer, explorer
and authority on Tibetan mysticism Alexandra David-Neel (1868-1969) describes an encounter
with a man who could hypnotise and kill from a distance. Nicholas Roerich also mentions the
occultists of the ancient Bon religion, who were at war with the Buddhists of Tibet.

As Childress notes:

Shambhala draws strong similarities to the Land of the Immortals (Hsi Wang Mu) in that it is said
to be a wonderful, lush valley in the high mountains with a tall, ornate solid jade tower from
which a brilliant light shines. Like in the Kun Lun Mountains, Agharta and Shambhala have a
cache of fantastic inventions and artifacts from distant civilizations in the past.

In contrast to the Valley of the Immortals in the Kun Lun Mountains, the cave communities with
their incredible sights were part illusion, say Illion and Ravenscroft. At the Valley of the
Immortals, perhaps there really were ancient artifacts of a time gone by watched over by Ancient
Masters. Yet, it is unlikely that any person not chosen specifically by those who are the
caretakers of this repository would be allowed inside Nor would those who had entered (such as
possibly Nicholas Roerich) ever reveal the location or what they had seen there. (15)

While certainly intriguing, the claims of crypto-historians regarding Nazi involvement with the
black magicians of Tibet suffer from a paucity of hard evidence in the form of documentation and
testimony from surviving witnesses. (We have already noted that the much-quoted Hermann
Rauschning is considered by some serious historians, such as Ian Kershaw, to be extremely
unreliable.) As is so often the case in the field of occultism, the way is left open to those who are
quite content to rely on spurious sources and hearsay in their creation of a tantalising but
incredible vision of history. One of the most famous of these crypto-historians is Trevor
Ravenscroft, and it is to his claims that we now must turn.

5 - Talisman of conquest

The Spear of Longinus

As we noted in the introduction, a number of writers on the occult have turned their attention
over the years to the baffling catastrophe of Nazism and have added their own attempts to

explain the terrifying mystery of its true origin by attempting to fit Nazi Germany into an occult
context. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these writers have paid close attention to an intriguing
statement Hitler is known to have made - 'Shall we form a chosen band, made up of those who
really know? An order: a brotherhood of the Knights of the Holy Grail, around the Holy Grail of
Pure Blood' - and have attempted to use this statement as a point of connection between the
Nazis and the occult. Although serious historians accept that occult and folkloric concepts played
a significant role in the development of Nazi ideas and doctrine, it has been left largely to writers
on 'fringe' subjects to push the envelope (wisely or otherwise) and claim that the Nazis were
motivated by genuine occult forces: in other words, that there actually exist in the Universe
malign, nonhuman intelligences that seek ways to influence the destiny of humanity for their own
ends and that used the Nazis as conduits through which these influences might work. According
to this scheme of history, the Nazis were, quite literally, practising Satanists and black magicians.
This is certainly an intriguing notion, but how useful is it as a means to explain the loathsome
existence of Nazism?

The Holy Lance and its Influence on Nazi Occultism

In 1973 Trevor Ravenscroft, historian and veteran of the Second World War, published a book
that would cause more controversy than any other dealing with the subject of Nazism and that is
still the subject of heated debate today. Entitled The Spear of Destiny, the book chronicles the
early career of the man who would stain the twentieth century with the blood of millions and
whose name would become a synonym for cruelty of the most repulsive kind: Adolf Hitler. Hailed
by some as a classic of occult history and derided by others as no more than a work of lurid
fiction, The Spear of Destiny is still in print today and, whatever its merits or demerits, it remains
one of the most important texts in the field of Nazi occultism. (It should be noted here that, such
is the murky and bizarre nature of this field, to make such a claim for a book is by no means
equivalent to defending its historical accuracy.)

Ravenscroft was a Commando in the Second World War, and spent four years in German POW
camps after allegedly participating in an attempt to assassinate Field Marshal Rommel in North
Africa in 1941. He made three escape attempts but was recaptured each time. While imprisoned,
Ravenscroft claims to have experienced a sudden apprehension of 'higher levels of
consciousness', which led him to study the legend of the Holy Grail 'and to research into the
history of the Spear of Longinus and the legend of world destiny which had grown around it'. (1)

The spear in question is the one said to have been used by the Roman centurion Gaius Cassius
to pierce the side of Christ during the crucifixion. Cassius suffered from cataracts in both eyes,
which prevented him from battle service with his Legion, so he was sent to Jerusalem to report
on events there. When the Nazarene was crucified, Cassius was present.

Isaiah had prophesied of the Messiah, 'A bone of Him shall not be broken.' Annas, the aged
advisor to the Sanhedrin, and Caiaphas, the High Priest, were intent on mutilating the body of
Christ to prove to the masses of the people that Jesus was not the Messiah, but merely a heretic
and potential usurper of their own power.

The hours were passing and this presented the excuse they needed. For Annas was an authority
on the Law, and the Jewish Law decreed that no man should be executed on the Sabbath Day.
Straightaway, they petitioned Pontius Pilate for the authority to break the limbs of the crucified
men so that they should die before dusk on that Friday afternoon. (2)

When the Temple Guard arrived to mutilate the bodies of Christ and the two thieves, Cassius
decided to protect the Nazarene's body in the only way possible. He rode his horse towards the
Cross and thrust his spear into Jesus's torso, between the fourth and fifth ribs. The flowing of the
Saviour's blood completely restored the centurion's sight.

Gaius Cassius, who had performed a martial deed out of the compassionate motive to protect the
body of Jesus Christ, became known as Longinus The Spearman. A convert to Christianity, he

came to be revered as a great hero and saint by the first Christian community in Jerusalem, and
a prime witness of the shedding of the Blood of the New Covenant for which the Spear became
the symbol ...

The legend grew around it, gaining strength with the passing of the centuries, that whoever
possessed it and understood the powers it served, held the destiny of the world in his hands for
good or evil. (3)

Ravenscroft informs us that, by rights, the man who should have written The Spear of Destiny
(and would surely have done so, had he not died in 1957) was a Viennese philosopher and
wartime British secret agent named Walter Johannes Stein (b. 1891). An Austrian Jew, Stein had
emigrated from Germany to Britain in 1933. His association with Ravenscroft came about as a
result of a book Stein had written, entitled The Ninth Century World History in the Light of the
Holy Grail (1928). Ravenscroft was greatly impressed by the book, which asserts that the
medieval Grail Romances and their description of the quest for the Holy Grail Veiled a unique
Western path to transcendent consciousness'. (4) It was clear to Ravenscroft that Dr Stein had
conducted his historical research along rather unorthodox lines, relying on occult methods of
mind expansion to apprehend data rather than the more traditional means of consulting extant
medieval texts. In view of his own experience of higher levels of consciousness, and his resulting
fascination with the Grail legends, Ravenscroft decided to call on Stein at his home in
Kensington.

During this meeting, Ravenscroft voiced his belief that Stein had utilised some transcendent
faculty in his research for The Ninth Century, adding that he believed a similar faculty had
inspired Wolfram von Eschenbach to write the great Grail romance Parsival (c. 1200). According
to Stein, von Eschenbach based Parsival on the key figures of the ninth century, who served as
models for the characters in the romance. The Grail king Anfortas corresponded to King Charles
the Bald, grandson of Charlemagne; Cundrie, the sorceress and messenger of the Grail, was
Ricilda the Bad; Parsival himself corresponded to Luitward of Vercelli, the Chancellor to the
Frankish Court; and Klingsor, the fantastically evil magician who lived in the Castle of Wonders,
was identified as Landulf II of Capua who had made a pact with Islam in Arab-occupied Sicily
and whom Ravenscroft calls the most evil figure of the century. (5)

Stein had first read Parsival while taking a short, compulsory course on German literature at the
University of Vienna. One night, he had a most unusual extrasensory experience: 'He awoke ...
to discover that he had been reciting whole tracts of the ... romantic verses in a sort of
pictureless dream!' (6) This happened three times in all. Stein wrote down the words he had
been speaking and, on comparing them with von Eschenbach's romance, found them to be
virtually identical. To Stein this strongly implied the existence of some preternatural mental
faculty, a kind of 'higher memory' that could be accessed under certain circumstances.

His subsequent researches into the Grail Romances led to his discovery, one August morning in
1912 in a dingy bookshop in Vienna's old quarter, of a tattered, leather-bound copy of Parsival
whose pages were covered with annotations in a minute script. Stein bought the book from the
shop assistant and took it to Demel's Cafe in the Kohlmarkt, where he began to pore over its
pages As he read, he became more and more uneasy at the nature of the annotations.

This was no ordinary commentary but the work of somebody who had achieved more than a
working knowledge of the black arts! The unknown commentator had found the key to unveiling
many of the deepest secrets of the Grail, yet obviously spurned the Christian ideals of the [Grail]
Knights and delighted in the devious machinations of the Anti-Christ.

It suddenly dawned on him that he was reading the footnotes of Satan! (7)

Stein was repelled yet fascinated by the vulgar racial fanaticism displayed in the annotations, by
the 'almost insane worship of Aryan blood lineage and Pan-Germanism'.

For instance, alongside the verses describing the Grail Procession and the Assembly of Knights at
the High Mass in the Grail Castle, there appeared an entry written in large letters scrawled across
the printed page: 'These men betrayed their pure Aryan Blood to the dirty superstitions of the
Jew Jesus - superstitions as loathsome and ludicrous as the Yiddish rites of circumcision.' (8)

To Stein, the annotations represented the workings of a brilliant but utterly hideous mind, a mind
that had inverted the traditional idea of the quest for the Grail as a gradual and immensely
difficult awakening to wider spiritual reality, turning it into its antithesis: the opening of the
human spirit, through the use of black magic, to the power and influence of Satan himself.

Shaken by what he had read in the annotated pages of the book, Stein glanced up for a moment
through the cafe window and found himself looking into a dishevelled, arrogant face with
demoniacal eyes. The apparition was shabbily dressed and was holding several small
watercolours that he was trying to sell to passers-by. When Stein left the cafe late that
afternoon, he bought some watercolours from the down-and-out painter and hurried home. It
was only then that he realised that the signature on the watercolours was the same as that on
the copy of Parsival he had bought: Adolf Hitler.

According to Ravenscroft, by the time Stein found the annotated copy of Parsival Adolf Hitler had
already paid many visits to the Weltliches Schatzkammer Museum (Flabsburg Treasure Flouse) in
Vienna, which held the Lance of St Maurice (also known as Constantine's Lance) used as a
symbol of the imperial power of Holy Roman emperors at their coronations. (9) Having failed to
gain entry to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and the School of Architecture, and growing more
and more embittered and consumed with an increasing sense of his own destiny as dominator of
the world, Hitler had thrown himself into an intense study of Nordic and Teutonic mythology and
folklore, German history, literature and philosophy. While sheltering from the rain in the Treasure
House one day, he heard a tour guide explaining to a group of foreign politicians the legend
associated with the Lance of St Maurice: that it was actually the spear that Gaius Cassius had
used to pierce the side of Christ during the Crucifixion, and that whoever succeeded in
understanding its secrets would hold the destiny of the world in his hands for good or evil. 'The
Spear appeared to be some sort of magical medium of revelation for it brought the world of
ideas into such close and living perspective that human imagination became more real than the
world of sense.' (10)

Intent on meeting the man who had written so perceptively and frighteningly in the battered
copy of Parsival, Stein returned to the dingy bookshop and this time encountered the owner, an
extremely unsavoury-looking man named Ernst Pretzsche. Pretzsche told him that Hitler pawned
many of his books in order to buy food, and redeemed them with money earned from selling his
paintings. (Apparently, the shop assistant had made a mistake in selling Parsival to Stein.)
Pretzsche showed Stein some of Hitler's other books, which included works by Hegel, Nietzsche
and Houston S. Chamberlain, the British fascist and advocate of German racial superiority who
frequently claimed to be chased by demons.

In the conversation that ensued, Pretzsche maintained that he was a master of black magic and
had initiated Hitler into the dark arts. After inviting Stein to come and consult him on esoteric
matters at any time (which Stein had no intention of doing, such was the loathsomeness of the
man), Pretzsche gave him Hitler's address in Meldemannstrasse.

Hitler was extremely irate when Stein walked up to him and told him of his interest in the
annotations in the copy of Parsival he had bought. He cursed Pretzsche for selling one of the
books he had pawned. However, once Stein had told him of his own researches into the Holy
Grail and the Spear of Longinus, Hitler became more amicable, apparently regarding the young
university student as a possible ally in the Pan-German cause. They decided to pay a visit to the
Schatzkammer together to look at the Holy Lance. As they stood before the display, the two men
responded to it in very different ways.

For some moments [Stein] was almost overcome by the powerful emotions which filled his breast
and flowed like a river of healing warmth through his brain, evoking responses of reverence,
humility and love. One message above all seemed to be inspired by the sight of this Spear which
held within its central cavity one of the nails which had secured the body of Jesus to the Cross. It
was a message of compassion which had been so wonderfully expressed in the motto of the Grail
Knights: 'Durch Mitleid wissen.' A call from the Immortal Self of Man resounding in the darkness
of confusion and doubt within the human soul: Through Compassion to Self-Knowledge. (11)

As Stein glanced at his companion, it seemed to him that Hitler was responding in a way which
was diametrically opposite to his own.

Adolf Hitler stood beside him like a man in a trance, a man over whom some dreadful magic spell
had been cast. His face was flushed and his brooding eyes shone with an alien emanation. Fie
was swaying on his feet as though caught up in some totally inexplicable euphoria. The very
space around him seemed enlivened with some subtle irradiation, a kind of ghostly ectoplasmic
light. His whole physiognomy and stance appeared transformed as if some mighty Spirit now
inhabited his very soul, creating within and around him a kind of evil transfiguration of its own
nature and power. (12)

The inscrutable occult processes that were set in motion by Hitler's discovery of the Holy Lance
were consolidated on 14 March 1938, when Hitler arrived in Vienna to complete the Anschluss of
Austria. While the Viennese people cheered the German forces' arrival, the Jews and opponents
of the Nazi regime faced a persecution that, while utterly appalling, was but a pale
foreshadowing of the horrors to come. Seventy-six thousand people were arrested when the
Nazis arrived, with a further 6,000 people dismissed from key ministries in the Austrian
Government. (13) Jews of all ages, whether they were religious or not, were ordered to scrub
anti-Nazi slogans from the streets; the water they were given was mixed with acid that burned
their hands. Hitler's SS Death's Head squads and members of the Hitler Youth urinated on Jews
and forced them to spit in each other's faces; others were forced to dance on Torah scrolls. In
less than a month, the deportation of Jews to the concentration camps would begin. (14)

While these atrocities were being perpetrated, Hitler (according to Ravenscroft) went to the
Habsburg Treasure House to claim the Holy Lance. With him were Heinrich Himmler and Wolfram
Sievers, whom he ordered to leave him alone with the object of his diabolical desire.

Although ... the Spear of Longinus had been the inspiration of his whole life and the key to his
meteoric rise to power, it was more than a quarter of a century since he had last seen it, and
nearly thirty years since he first beheld it and heard of its unique legend.

Whatever Hitler's visions on this occasion, the scene of the German Fuhrer standing there before
the ancient weapon must be regarded as the most critical moment of the twentieth century until
the Americans claimed the Spear in Nuremberg in 1945, and, while holding it in their possession,
inaugurated the Atomic Age by dropping their atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (15)

Problems with Ravenscroft's Account

Joscelyn Godwin has called The Spear of Destiny 'a bloodcurdling work of historical reinvention',
(16) and in spite of the breathless praise it has received from occult writers and reviewers over
the years, it is difficult to disagree with his judgement. This view is also taken by the Australian
author and journalist Ken Anderson, whose book Hitler and the Occult (1995) is a powerful and
well-argued critique of Ravenscroft, Stein and The Spear of Destiny. For the rest of this chapter,
we must therefore turn our attention to the problems inherent in Ravenscroft's account, as he
learned it from Stein, of Hitler's desire to claim this allegedly most powerful of magical talismans.
To be sure, these problems are manifold and display clear inconsistencies both with what we
know of the history of the Third Reich and the wider context of European history.

For instance, we are told in Spear that the Holy Lance had been prized by many great warriors
through the centuries, including Napoleon Bonaparte, who had demanded the lance after the
Battle of Austerlitz of December 1805. 'Just before the battle began, the lance had been
smuggled out of Nuremberg and hidden in Vienna to keep it out of the French dictator's hands.'
(17) However, as Anderson comments, it would have been a rather stupid decision to hide the
lance in Vienna, since the French had already occupied the city the previous month. 'Why would
anyone want to smuggle anything into an occupied city if the purpose in so doing was to keep it
out of the hands of the head of the occupying force?' (18) Moreover, historical records prove that
the lance was taken from Nuremberg to Vienna in 1800 and placed in the museum on full
display. Had he wanted the lance, Napoleon could have acquired it at any time.

And what of the spear itself, which, claims Ravenscroft, was the very one used by the Roman
centurion to pierce the side of Christ? We are told that Hitler

found little difficulty in sorting out the merits of the various Spears, purporting to be the weapon
of the Roman Centurion Longinus, which were scattered around the palaces, museums,
cathedrals and churches of Europe . . . Adolf Hitler was excited to find one Spear which appeared
to have been associated with a legend of world destiny throughout its entire history. This Spear,
dating back to the Third Century, had apparently been traced by numerous historians right
through to the tenth century to the reign of the Saxon King Heinrich I, the 'Fowler', where it was
last mentioned in his hands at the famous battle of Unstrut in which the Saxon Cavalry
conquered the marauding Magyars. (19) [Emphasis added.]

At this point, a question will doubtless have occurred to the reader: how could a weapon dating
back only to the third century have been used to pierce the side of Christ? It is a question
Ravenscroft does not answer. (20) The existence of a lance which was supposedly used to stab
Christ is first recorded in the sixth century by the pilgrim St Antonius of Piacenza, who claims to
have seen it in the Mount Zion Basilica in Jerusalem. When Jerusalem fell to the Persians in AD
615, the shaft of the lance was captured by the victors, while the lance-head was saved and
taken to Constantinople where it was incorporated into an icon and kept in the Santa Sophia
Church. More than six centuries later, the point found its way into the possession of the French
King Louis and was taken to the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. The lance-head disappeared (and was
possibly destroyed) during the French Revolution. The shaft of the lance was sent to Jerusalem
in about AD 670 by the Frankish pilgrim Arculf, and only reappears in history in the late ninth
century, turning up in Constantinople. It was captured by the Turks in 1492, who sent it as a gift
to Rome. It has remained in St Peter's since then, although its authenticity has never been
established beyond doubt. (21)

However, archaeologists have established that this lance, first mentioned in the sixth century, is
not the one Hitler found in the Habsburg Treasure House. This lance is known as the Lance of St
Maurice, or Constantine's Lance, which was made in the eighth or ninth century. (22)

Anderson writes: 'It would take much research to examine each one of Ravenscroft's claims
concerning the possessors of the Maurice Lance and its affect on them and on world history.'

(23) And in fact, such a task lies well beyond the scope of this book also. He goes on:

Besides, we do not have the unique facility Ravenscroft had [i.e. techniques of psychic mind
expansion] in tracing its owners where there is no written record, for example its progression
from the time it left the hands of Heinrich I and turned up many years later in the possession of
his son Otto the Great. Ravenscroft says Hitler's henchman SS head Heinrich Himmler put the
finest scholars in Germany to work on bridging the gap but they were unable to do so. However,
Ravenscroft's mentor, Dr Walter Stein, 'by means of a unique method of historical research
involving "Mind Expansion" was able to discover Heinrich had sent the lance to the English King
Athelstan.' (Athelstan [895-940] was the grandson of Alfred the Great. Crowned King in 925, he
was the first ruler of all England.) Stein 'found' that the lance was present at the Battle of

Malmesbury in which the Danes were defeated on English soil. It was subsequently returned as a
gift for Otto's wedding to Athelstan's sister Eadgita. (24)

Anderson spots a crucial mistake in this account of the lance (and one which certainly casts
doubt on Stein's unorthodox methods of historical 'research'.) According to William of
Malmesbury, the sword of Constantine the Great was sent by Hugh the Good, King of the Franks,
to King Athelstan to persuade him to give his daughter's hand in marriage. (25)

It so happens that historical inaccuracies are also to be found in Ravenscroft's account of his own
exploits in the Second World War, in which he claims to have been taken prisoner by the
Germans after the attempted assassination of Rommel. Born in 1921, Ravenscroft attended
Repton Public School and then Sandhurst Military College. Six months later, in December 1939,
he received his commission in the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He then trained as a commando and
joined the Special Services. (26) According to the cover blurb on various editions of The Spear of
Destiny: 'He was captured on a raid which attempted to assassinate Field Marshal Rommel in
North Africa and was a POW in Germany from 1944 to 1945, escaping three times but each time
being recaptured.'

Although the raid on Rommel certainly took place on 13-14 November 1941 (with all but two of
the party being captured), Ravenscroft is not mentioned in records as being present in the 28-
man team who conducted the operation. Anderson reports that when he made enquiries of
former Commando Sergeant Jack Terry, the ex-soldier insisted that Ravenscroft was not a
member of the party. (27) 'In any case Ravenscroft's service record shows he was "missing at
sea" on 24 October 1941, well before the raid. He was subsequently taken prisoner of war on an
unspecified date.' (28)

There also appear to be inconsistencies in Ravenscroft's account of how he came to meet Walter
Stein. A few years after the war, Ravenscroft read Stein's book World History in the Light of the
Holy Grail and came to the conclusion that much of the material in the book had been accessed
by Stein through occult means of mind expansion, perhaps similar to those he himself had
employed while a prisoner of war. Paying Stein a visit in Kensington, London, Ravenscroft
informed him of his belief, and also of his belief that Wolfram von Eschenbach had employed the
same talents in composing his Grail romance Parsival in the twelfth century.

Ravenscroft quoted to Stein this extract from Eschenbach's work: 'If anyone requests me to
[continue the story] let him not consider it as a book. I don't know a single letter of the
alphabet.' Ravenscroft says that the reason Eschenbach was stressing that he did not know a
letter of the alphabet was to make it clear that he had not gathered the material for the book
from his contemporaries, traditional folklore, or any existing written work. Rather, he was saying
his so-called Grail romance was an 'Initiation Document' of the highest order. (29)

Stein was impressed enough by his visitor's argument that he invited him to stay to lunch, and
the two men remained friends and colleagues from then until Stein's death. Ravenscroft himself
died of cancer in January 1989 in Torquay, England.

Anderson interviewed Ravenscroft's brother, Bill, in January 1995. A former King's Own Borderers
officer, Bill Ravenscroft stated that his brother met Walter Stein not by paying an unannounced
visit to his Kensington home but rather through Stein's wife, Yopi, while Trevor Ravenscroft was
teaching at the Rudolf Steiner school in East Grinstead, England just after the war. (30)

According to Bill Ravenscroft, Trevor learned of Stein's impressive library through Yopi and was
given permission by her to consult the books in the library in order to complete The Spear of
Destiny. Trevor Ravenscroft makes no mention whatsoever of Yopi in his book. Anderson asks:
why? 'Was Bill's memory of events incorrect? Was it because the symbiotic relationship that
supposedly developed between Trevor and the man he claims was his mentor never happened?'
(31)

If The Spear of Destiny is to be believed, the moment Hitler entered the Habsburg Treasure
House upon the annexation of Austria in 1938 and stood before the holy artefact he had coveted
for so long humanity in the twentieth century was lost, locked into an irrevocable collision course
with disaster. And yet there are more problems with this pivotal point in the book. Ravenscroft
writes: 'When Hitler was driven down the Ringstrasse to the Ring and on to the Heldenplatz to
the reviewing stand in front of the Hofburg, the tumultuous jubilation of the crowds reached
near-delirium. How could the citizens of Vienna have known that the ecstasy on the face of Adolf
Hitler was the twisted ecstasy of revenge!' (32)

Joachim Fest, one of the greatest authorities on Hitler and the Third Reich offers a slightly
different account of the Fuhrer's moment of triumph at the 'reunion' of Germany and Austria: 'All
the aimlessness and impotence of those years were now vindicated, all his furious craving for
compensation at last satisfied, when he stood on the balcony of the Hofburg and announced to
hundreds of thousands in the Heldenplatz the "greatest report of a mission accomplished" in his
life ...' (33) If Fest's academic credentials are insufficient, there are also photographs to prove
that Hitler faced the Viennese crowds from the balcony of the Hofburg, not on a 'reviewing stand'
in front of it.

Ravenscroft goes on to claim that after reviewing the Austrian SS and giving his permission for
the founding of a new SS regiment, Hitler refused an invitation for a tour of the city. Instead, he
'left the Ring to drive directly to the Imperial Hotel where the most luxurious suite in the city
awaited him'. (34) Arrangements for a civic dinner and reception were cancelled because Hitler
was 'terrified that an attempt would be made to kill him' (35) and remained in his suite.

Anderson asks a pertinent question: if Hitler was terrified that an attempt would be made on his
life, why did he arrive in Vienna in an open car that passed through the cheering crowds, then
stand in full view outside the Hofburg, and then go out onto the balcony of his hotel suite several
times at the insistence of the Viennese people? (36)

In spite of this, Ravenscroft has Hitler leaving the Imperial Hotel 'long after midnight' to head for
the Habsburg Treasure House and the Holy Lance. According to Anderson:

... Hitler arrived in Vienna at 5 p.m. on 14 March and the mass welcome in the Heldenplatz took
place the next day - the fifteenth. If Ravenscroft has meant us to understand that the rally in the
square he speaks of was on the fifteenth, then there is a further problem: Hitler stayed in Vienna
less than twenty-four hours! He was not there on the night of the fifteenth.

After attending a military parade at the Maria-Theresa monument at two o'clock that afternoon -
the same parade which Ravenscroft says Hitler attended before going on to the Imperial - Hitler
flew out in his Junkers aircraft as the twilight settled on an enervated Vienna. (37)

It is also difficult to imagine how Hitler could have left his hotel and gone to the Treasure House
without being seen by anyone in the seething crowds that remained in the streets. It would
surely have been easier for him to order the Holy Lance to be brought from the museum to his
hotel suite. (38) On reflection, it must be said that the only things in the Habsburg Treasure
House Hitler coveted were the Habsburg Crown Jewels (which were sent to Nuremberg
immediately following the Anschluss), not to mention the Austrian gold and currency deposits
that would aid a German economy stressed by preparations for war. Hitler was motivated more
by financial than occult concerns, as the transfer of Austrian gold and currency reserves to
Germany amply demonstrates. (39)

It will, one hopes, be apparent from this all too brief overview of the problems inherent in The
Spear of Destiny that, while the book may be a fascinating - if somewhat lurid - read, in the
Dennis Wheatley mould of occult ripping yarns, as a serious historical work it is completely
unsatisfactory. It is, of course, conceivable that Trevor Ravenscroft was well aware that he was
penning a work of almost total fiction; however, this is mere conjecture and is absolutely not
proven. Even assuming that he wrote the book in good faith, believing its revelations regarding
Hitler and the Holy Lance to be accurate, it is crippled by the research methods on which he

appears to rely: namely, the use of occult techniques to enhance the powers of the mind and
thus gain access to historical information that has not been preserved in any conventional way.

In the final analysis, we must dismiss The Spear of Destiny on the grounds that when
information gathered through psychic processes conflicts with what has been established through
documentary evidence or the testimony of first-hand witnesses we have no serious alternative
but to abandon it in favour of what can be verified by those who do not possess these psychic
talents.

Before moving on, we must say a few words about the claims of many occult writers that Hitler
was involved in black magic practices, having been initiated into the dark arts by Dietrich Eckart
and Karl Haushofer. (Eckart, Alfred Rosenberg and Rudolf von Sebottendorff were said to have
conducted horrific seances, in which a naked female medium exuded ectoplasm from her vagina
and through whom contact was established with the seven Thulist hostages who had been
murdered by the Communists in April 1919. The ghosts predicted that Hitler would claim the Holy
Lance and lead Germany into global conflagration.) (40) There is no evidence whatsoever to link
Hitler directly with black magic practices of any description. While it is of course beyond question
that the Nazi Party arose out of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which in turn
began as the Thule Society (a group founded on occult and racist principles), there is no
evidence that Hitler himself was an occultist - and considerable evidence that he wasn't.

Speer, for instance, recalls Hitler's contempt for the woolly-headed mysticism of Heinrich
Himmler:

What nonsense! Here we have at last reached an age that has left all mysticism behind it, and
now he wants to start all over again. We might just as well have stayed with the church. At least
it had tradition. To think that I may some day be turned into an SS saint! Can you imagine it? I
would turn over in my grave ... (41)

Hitler was also scornful of Himmler's attempts to establish archaeological links between modern
Germans and the ancient Aryan descendants of Atlantis:

Why do we call the whole world's attention to the fact that we have no past? It isn't enough that
the Romans were erecting great buildings when our forefathers were still living in mud huts; now
Himmler is starting to dig up these villages of mud huts and enthusing over every potsherd and
stone axe he finds. All we prove by that is that we were still throwing stone hatchets and
crouching around open fires when Greece and Rome had already reached the highest stage of
culture. We really should do our best to keep quiet about this past. Instead Himmler makes a
great fuss about it all. The present-day Romans must be having a laugh at these revelations.

(42)

In truth, those who subscribed to occultist or pseudo-religious notions were indeed something of
a laughing stock in the high echelons of the Third Reich. Himmler's beliefs about the original
prehistoric Germanic race were considered absurd by both Hitler and Goebbels, the propaganda
minister. 'When, for example, the Japanese presented [Himmler] with a samurai sword, he at
once discovered kinships between Japanese and Teutonic cults and called upon scientists to help
him trace these similarities to a racial common denominator.' (43)

As for the belief that Hitler was deeply interested in astrology and kept in constant touch with
astrologers who advised him on the various courses of action he should take, this too is
completely fallacious. According to the former Office of Strategic Services (OSS) officer Walter
Langer:

All of our informants who have known Hitler rather intimately discard the idea [of Hitler's belief]
as absurd. They all agree that nothing is more foreign to Hitler's personality than to seek help
from outside sources of this type.

The Fuhrer had never had his horoscope cast, but in an indicative move Hitler, some time before
the war, forbade the practice of fortune-telling and star-reading in Germany. (44)

As we have just seen, while Hitler was contemptuous of mysticism and pseudoreligion, Himmler
was another matter entirely, and it is to him that we must now turn our attention.

6 - Ordinary madness

Heinrich Himmler and the SS

Many writers on the occult have suggested that the notorious SS (Schutz Staffeln or Defence
Squads) was actively engaged in black-magic rites designed to contact and enlist the aid of evil
and immensely powerful trans-human powers, in order to secure the domination of the planet by
the Third Reich. While conventional historians are contemptuous of this notion, it nevertheless
holds some attraction for those struggling with the terrible mystery at the heart of Nazism, who
have come to believe that only a supernatural explanation can possibly shed light on the
movement's origins and deeds. Goodrick-Clarke, one of the very few serious historians to have
explored the subject of the occult inspiration behind Nazism, stresses that although volkisch
occultists such as Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels undoubtedly contributed to the
'mythological mood of the Nazi era' (with its bizarre notions of prehistoric Aryan superhumans
inhabiting vanished continents), 'they cannot be said to have directly influenced the actions of
persons in positions of political power and responsibility'. (1)

As Goodrick-Clarke concedes, however, the one exception is a man named Karl Maria Wiligut
(1866-1946), who exerted a profound influence upon Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Before
turning our attention to the SS itself, therefore, we must pause to examine the life and thought
of Wiligut, and the reasons for his intellectual hold over the leader of the most powerful
organisation in the Third Reich.

The Man Behind Himmler

Wiligut was born in Vienna into a military family and followed his grandfather and father into the
Austrian army, joining the 99 th Infantry at Mostar, Herzegovina in late 1884 and reaching the
rank of captain by the time he was 37. Throughout his years in the army, he maintained his
interest in literature and folklore, writing poetry with a distinctly nationalistic flavour. In 1903, a
book of his poems entitled Seyfrieds Runen was published by Friedrich Schalk, who had also
published Guido von List. Although his studies in mythology had led him to join a quasi-Masonic
lodge called the Schlarraffia in 1889, Wiligut does not seem to have been active in the volkisch or
Pan-German nationalist movements at this time. (2)

During the First World War, Wiligut saw action against the Russians in the Carpathians and was
later transferred to the Italian front; by the summer of 1917, he had reached the rank of colonel.
Decorated for bravery and highly thought of by his superiors, Wiligut was discharged from the
army in January 1919, after nearly 35 years of exemplary service.

At around this time, the Viennese occult underground began to buzz with rumours concerning
Wiligut and his alleged possession of an 'ancestral memory' that allowed him to recall the history
of the Teutonic people all the way back to the year 228,000 BC. According to Wiligut, his
astonishing clairvoyant ability was the result of an uninterrupted family lineage extending
thousands of years into the past. He claimed to have been initiated into the secrets of his family
by his father in 1890. Goodrick-Clarke has identified the source of this information about Wiligut
as Theodor Czepl, who knew of Wiligut through his occult connections in Vienna, which included
Wiligut's cousin, Willy Thaler, and various members of the Order of the New Templars (ONT).
Czepl paid several visits to Wiligut at his Salzburg home in the winter of 1920, and it was during

these visits that Wiligut claimed that the Bible had been written in Germany, and that the
Germanic god Krist had been appropriated by Christianity. (3)

According to Wiligut's view of prehistory, the Earth was originally lit by three suns and was
inhabited by various mythological beings, including giants and dwarves. For many tens of
thousands of years, the world was convulsed with warfare until Wiligut's ancestors, the Adler-
Wiligoten, brought peace with the foundation of the 'second Boso culture' and the city of Arual-
Joruvallas (Goslar, the chief shrine of ancient Germany) in 78,000 BC. The following millennia
saw yet more conflicts involving various now-lost civilisations, until 12,500 BC, when the religion
of Krist was established. Three thousand years later, an opposing group of Wotanists challenged
this hitherto universal Germanic faith, and crucified the prophet of Krist, Baldur-Chrestos, who
nevertheless managed to escape to Asia. The Wotanists destroyed Goslar in 1200 BC, forcing the
followers of Krist to establish a new temple at Exsternsteine, near Detmold. (4)

The Wiligut family itself was originally the result of a mating between the gods of air and water,
and in later centuries fled from persecution at the hands of Charlemagne, first to the Faroe
Islands and then to Russia. Wiligut claimed that his family line included such heroic Germanic
figures as Armin the Cherusker and Wittukind. As Goodrick-Clarke notes: 'It will be evident from
this epic account of putative genealogy and family history that Wiligut's prehistorical speculations
primarily served as a stage upon which he could project the experiences and importance of his
own ancestors.' (5) In addition, Peter Levenda makes the salient point that Wiligut's 'cross-eyed
thesis' was based on a spurious amalgamation of genuine cultural traditions (such as those
described in the Eddas) and Theosophical belief systems that have little or no provenance in the
actual history of mythology. (6)

In Wiligut's view, the victimisation of his family that had been going on for tens of thousands of
years was continuing at the hands of the Catholic Church, the Freemasons and the Jews, all of
whom he held responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War. His already somewhat
precarious mental health was further undermined when his infant son died, thus destroying the
male line of the family. This placed a great strain on his relationship with his wife, Malwine, who
in any event was not particularly impressed with his claims of prehistoric greatness for his family.
His home life continued to deteriorate, until his violence, threats to kill Malwine and bizarre occult
interests resulted in his being committed to the mental asylum at Salzburg in November 1924.
Certified insane, he was confined there until 1927.

In spite of this, Wiligut maintained contact with his colleagues in various occult circles, including
the ONT and the Edda Society. Five years after his release from the asylum, Wiligut decided to
move to Germany and settled in Munich. There he was feted by German occultists as a fount of
priceless information on the remote and glorious history of the Germanic people.

Wiligut's introduction to Heinrich Flimmler came about through the former's friend Richard
Anders, who had contributed to the Edda Society's Hagai magazine and who was now an officer
in the SS. Flimmler was greatly impressed with the old man's ancestral memory, which implied a
racial purity going back much further than 1750 (the year to which SS recruits had to be able to
prove their Aryan family history). (7) Wiligut joined the SS in September 1933, using the name
'Karl Maria Weisthor'. Fie was made head of the Department for Pre- and Early History in the SS
Race and Settlement Main Office in Munich, where he was charged with the task of recording on
paper the events he clairvoyantly recalled. His work evidently met with the satisfaction of the
Reichsfuhrer-SS, who promoted him to SS-Oberfuhrer (lieutenant-brigadier) in November 1934.
( 8 )

As if his own ravings were not enough, Weisthor introduced Flimmler to another occultist, a
German crypto-historian and List Society member named Gunther Kirchhoff (1892-1975) who
believed in the existence of energy lines crossing the face of the Earth. Weisthor took it upon
himself to forward a number of Kirchhoff's essays and dissertations on ancient Germanic tradition
to Himmler, who gave instructions to the Ahnenerbe (the SS Association for Research and

Teaching on Heredity) to study them. One such dissertation concerned a detailed survey
undertaken by Kirchhoff and Weisthor in the region of the Murg Valley near Baden-Baden in the
Black Forest. After exhaustively examining 'old half-timbered houses, architectural ornament
(including sculpture, coats-of-arms, runes, and other symbols), crosses, inscriptions, and natural
and man-made rock formations in the forest', (9) the two occultists concluded that the region
had been a prehistoric centre of the Krist religion.

Unfortunately for Kirchhoff, even the Ahnenerbe came to think of him as a crackpot who
understood nothing of scholarly prehistorical research (quite an indictment, coming from that
particular organisation). When Kirchhoff accused them, along with the Catholic Church, of
conspiring against him, the Ahnenerbe responded by describing his work as 'rubbish' and him as
a 'fantasist of the worst kind'. (10) In spite of this, Himmler continued to instruct the Ahnenerbe
to take seriously Kirchhoff's unscholarly rantings, until the outbreak of the Second World War
forced him firmly into the background.

Weisthor, on the other hand, would make one further important contribution to Himmler's SS.
While travelling through Westphalia during the Nazi electoral campaign of January 1933, Himmler
was profoundly affected by the atmosphere of the region, with its romantic castles and the mist-
(and myth-) shrouded Teutoburger Forest. After deciding to take over a castle for SS use, he
returned to Westphalia in November and viewed the Wewelsburg castle, which he appropriated
in August 1934 with the intention of turning it into an ideological-education college for SS
officers. Although at first belonging to the Race and Settlement Main Office, the Wewelsburg
castle was placed under the control of Himmler's Personal Staff in February 1935.

It is likely that Himmler's view of the Wewelsburg castle was influenced by Weisthor's assertion
that it 'was destined to become a magical German strongpoint in a future conflict between
Europe and Asia'. (11) Weisthor's inspiration for this prediction was a Westphalian legend
regarding a titanic future battle between East and West. Himmler found this particularly
interesting, in view of his own conviction that a major confrontation between East and West was
inevitable -even if it were still a century or more in the future. In addition, it was Weisthor who
influenced the development of SS ritual (which we shall examine later in this chapter) and who
designed the SS Totenkopfring that symbolised membership of the order. The ring design was
based on a death's head, and included a swastika, the double sig-rune of the SS and a hagall
rune.

In 1935, Weisthor moved to Berlin, where he joined the Reichsfuhrer-SS Personal Staff and
continued to advise Himmler on all aspects of his Germanic pseudo-history. Eyewitnesses
recollect that this was a period of great activity, during which Weisthor travelled widely,
corresponded extensively and oversaw numerous meetings. According to Goodrick-Clarke:
'Besides his involvement with the Wewelsburg castle and his land surveys in the Black Forest and
elsewhere, Weisthor continued to produce examples of his family traditions such as the Halgarita
mottoes, Germanic mantras designed to stimulate ancestral memory ... and the design for the SS
Totenkopfring.' (12) In recognition of his work, Weisthor was promoted to SS-Brigadefuhrer
(brigadier) in Himmler's Personal Staff in September 1936.

While in Berlin, Weisthor worked with the author and historian Otto Rahn (1904-1939), who had
a profound interest in medieval Grail legends and the Cathar heresy. In 1933, Rahn published a
romantic historical work entitled Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Crusade Against the Grail), which was
a study of the Albigensian Crusade, a war between the Roman Catholic Church and the Cathars
(or Albigensians), an ascetic religious sect that flourished in southern France in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries. The Cathars believed that the teachings of Christ had been corrupted by the
Church -and, indeed, that Christ was exclusively a being of spirit who had never been incarnated
in human form. This belief arose from their conviction that all matter was the creation of an evil
deity opposed to God. Thus they claimed that the dead would not be physically resurrected
(since the body was made of matter and hence evil) and that procreation itself was evil, since it
increased the amount of matter in the Universe and trapped souls in physicality. (13) The

Cathars were eventually destroyed by Catholic armies on the orders of Pope Innocent III in the
first decade of the thirteenth century.

As Levenda notes, Catharism held a particular fascination and attraction for Himmler and other
leading Nazis. 'After all, the very word "Cathar" means "pure," and purity -particularly of the
blood as the physical embodiment of spiritual "goodness" - was an issue of prime importance to
the SS.' (14) Just as the Cathars had despised the materialism of the Catholic Church, so the
Nazis despised Capitalism, which they equated with the 'excesses of the Jewish financiers that -
they said - had brought the nation to ruin during the First World War and the depression that
followed'. (15) The Cathar belief that the evil god who had created the material Universe was
none other than Jehovah provided additional common ground with Nazi anti-Semitism.

Ritual suicide was also practised by the Cathars. Known as the endura, it involved either starving
oneself to death, self-poisoning or strangulation by one's fellow Cathars. Levenda makes another
interesting point about the Nazi fascination with Catharism:

[T]he Cathars were fanatics, willing to die for their cause; sacrificing themselves to the Church's
onslaught they enjoyed the always-enviable aura of spiritual underdogs. There was something
madly beautiful in the way they were immolated on the stakes of the Inquisition, professing their
faith and their hatred of Rome until the very end. The Nazis could identify with the Cathars: with
their overall fanaticism, with their contempt for the way vital spiritual matters were
commercialized (polluted) by the Establishment, and with their passion for 'purity'. It is perhaps
inevitable that the Cathars should have made a sacrament out of suicide, for they must have
known that their Quest was doomed to failure from the start. They must have wished for death
as a release from a corrupt and insensitive world; and it's entirely possible that, at the root of
Nazism, lay a similar death wish. Hitler was surrounded by the suicides of his mistresses and
contemplated it himself on at least one occasion before he actually pulled the trigger in Berlin in
1945. Himmler and other captured Nazi leaders killed themselves rather than permit the Allies to
do the honors for them. ... [L]ike the Cathars whom they admired, the Nazis saw in suicide that
consolation and release from the world of Satanic matter promised by this most cynical of Cathar
sacraments. (16)

The thesis of Rahn's book was that the Cathar heresy and Grail legends constituted an ancient
Gothic Gnostic religion that had been suppressed by the Catholic Church, beginning with the
persecution of the Cathars and ending with the destruction of the Knights Templar a century
later. From 1933, Rahn lived in Berlin and his book and his continued researches into Germanic
history came to the attention of Himmler. In May 1935, Rahn joined Weisthor's staff, joining the
SS less than a year later. In April 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Unterscharfuhrer
(NCO).

His second book, Luzifers Hofgesinde (Lucifer's Servants), which was an account of his research
trip to Iceland for the SS, was published in 1937. This was followed by four months of military
service with the SS-Death's Head Division 'Oberbayern' at Dachau concentration camp, after
which he was allowed to pursue his writing and research full time. In February 1939, Rahn
resigned from the SS for unknown reasons, and subsequently died from exposure the following
month while walking on the mountains near Kufstein. (17)

As with Rahn's resignation from the SS, the reasons for Weisthor leaving the organisation are
uncertain. One possible reason is that his health was badly failing; although he was given
powerful drugs intended to maintain his mental faculties, they had serious side effects, including
personality changes that resulted in heavy smoking and alcohol consumption. Also at this time
his psychological history -including his committal for insanity - which had been a closely guarded
secret became known, causing considerable embarrassment to Himmler. In February 1939,
Weisthor's staff were informed that he had retired because of poor health, and that his office
would be dissolved. (18) Although the old occultist was supported by the SS during the final
years of his life, his influence on the Third Reich was at an end. He was given a home in

Aufkirchen, but found it to be too far away from Berlin and he moved to Goslar in May 1940.
When his accommodation was requisitioned for medical research in 1943, he moved again, this
time to a small SS house in Carinthia where he spent the remainder of the war with his
housekeeper, Elsa Baltrusch, a member of Himmler's Personal Staff. At the end of the war, he
was sent by the British occupying forces to a refugee camp where he suffered a stroke. After
their release, he and Baltrusch went first to his family home at Salzburg, and then to Baltrusch's
family home at Arolsen. On 3 January 1946, his health finally gave out and he died in hospital.
(19)

Heinrich Himmler

The man who was so deeply impressed with the rantings of Wiligut, who would become most
closely associated with the terror of the SS and an embodiment of evil second only to Adolf Hitler
himself, was born in Munich on 7 October 1900. Himmler's father was the son of a police
president and had been a tutor to the princes at the Bavarian court, and thus applied suitably
authoritarian principles on his own family. (20) As Joachim Fest notes: 'No doubt it would be
going too far to see in the son's early interest in Teutonic sagas, criminology and military affairs
the beginnings of his later development, but the family milieu, with its combination of
"officialdom, police work and teaching", manifestly had a lasting effect on him.' (21)

Himmler was not blessed with a robust physical constitution, and this hampered his family's initial
intention that he should become a farmer. Nevertheless, the ideal of the noble peasant remained
with him and heavily influenced his later ideology and plans for the SS. After serving very briefly
at the end of the First World War, Himmler joined Hitler's NSDAP. In 1926 he met Margerete
Boden, the daughter of a West Prussian landowning family, and married her two years later. A
fine example of the Germanic type (tall, fair-haired and blue-eyed), she was also seven years
older than Himmler and is said to have inspired his interest in alternative medicine such as
herbalism and homeopathy. (22)

Himmler was appointed head (Reichsfuhrer) of the SS on 6 January 1929. At that time the
organisation had barely 300 members, but such were Himmler's organisational skills that he
increased its membership to over 50,000 in the next four years. In 1931 he established a special
Security Service (SD) within the SS, which would oversee political intelligence. It was led by the
psychopathic Reinhard Heydrich, 'the only top Nazi leader to fit the racial stereotype of being tall
(six feet, three inches), blond, and blue-eyed'. (23) Himmler took control of the party's police
functions in April 1934, and then took command of the Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei or Secret
State Police). SS units were instrumental in Hitler's Blood Purge of 30 June 1934, which saw the
end of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the brown-shirted and sadistic militia of the early Nazi Party, and
its chief, Ernst Rohm. Members of the SS were required to correspond to special racial criteria
(tall, blond, blue-eyed) and had to be able to trace their Aryan ancestry at least as far back as
the year 1750. Initially, the SS membership included approximately 44 per cent from the working
class; however, as its status increased following the Nazi rise to power, it attracted more
members from the upper class.

By 1937, the three major concentration camps in Germany were staffed by the SS
Totenkopfverbande (Death's Head Units), and the following year saw the formation of the
Verfugungstruppe (Action Groups), which numbered 200,000 and which later became the
Waffen-SS (Military SS). By the end of 1938, SS membership had reached nearly 240,000, a
figure that would later rise to approximately one million.

According to the historian Joachim C. Fest:

[T]he aims of the enormous SS apparatus were ... comprehensive and concerned not so much
with controlling the state as with becoming a state itself. The occupants of the chief positions in
the SS developed step by step into the holders of power in an authentic 'collateral state', which
gradually penetrated existing institutions, undermined them, and finally began to dissolve them.

Fundamentally there was no sphere of public life upon which the SS did not make its competing
demands: the economic, ideological, military, scientific and technical spheres, as well as those of
agrarian and population policies, legislation and general administration. This development found
its most unmistakable expression in the hierarchy of the Senior SS and Police Commanders,
especially in the Eastern zones; the considerable independence that Flimmler's corps of leaders
enjoyed vis-a-vis the civil or military administration was a working model for a shift of power
planned for the whole area of the Greater German Reich after the war. This process received its
initial impetus following the so-called Rohm Putsch, and it moved towards its completion after
the attempted revolt of 20 July 1944. The SS now pushed its way into 'the centre of the
organizational fabric of the Wehrmacht', and Flimmler, who had meanwhile also become Reich
Minister of the Interior, now in addition became chief of the Replacement Army. On top of his
many other functions he was thus in charge 'of all military transport, military censorship, the
intelligence service, surveillance of the troops, the supply of food, clothing and pay to the troops,
and care of the wounded'. (24)

The Ahnenerbe and the Rituals of the SS

It has been said of Flimmler many times that his personality was a curious mixture of rationality
and fantasy: that his capacity for rational planning, the following of orders and administrative
detail existed alongside an idealist enthusiasm for utopianism, mysticism and the occult. This
combination of the quotidian and the fantastic led to Flimmler's conception of the ultimate role of
the SS: 'his black-uniformed troops would provide both the bloodstock of the future Aryan
master-race and the ideological elite of an ever-expanding Greater Germanic Reich'. (25)

From 1930, Flimmler concentrated on the formulation of his plans for the SS, which included the
establishment of the SS officers' college at the Wewelsburg castle in 1933. Two years later, he
established the Ahnenerbe with the Nazi pagan ideologue Richard Walther Darre. The Ahnenerbe
was the Ancestral Fleritage Research and Teaching Society, and was initially an independent
institute conducting research into Germanic prehistory, archaeology and occult mysticism. It was
subsequently incorporated into the SS in April 1940, with its staff holding SS rank. Levenda
thinks it likely that the inspiration for the Ahnenerbe came from a number of German intellectuals
and occultists who had subscribed to the theories of the volkisch writers of the late nineteenth
century, as well as from the adventures of a number of explorers and archaeologists, including
the world-famous Swedish explorer Sven Fledin. (26)

Born in Stockholm in 1865, Fledin left Sweden at the age of twenty and sailed to Baku on the
Caspian Sea. This was the first voyage of a man who would travel through most of Asia, and
whose exploits would be recorded in the book My Life as an Explorer (1925). Hedin's voyages
and tales of fabulous Asian cities did much to consolidate the European and American publics'
fascination with the mysterious Orient - a fascination that had already been kindled by Madame
Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society. (27)

Levenda writes:

There is evidence to suggest that the Ahnenerbe itself was formed as a private institution by
several friends and admirers of Sven Hedin, including Wolfram Sievers (who would later find
justice at the Nuremberg Trials) and Dr Friedrich Hielscher who, according to the records of the
Nuremberg Trial of November 1946, had been responsible for recruiting Sievers into the
Ahnenerbe. In fact, there was a Sven Hedin Institute for Inner Asian Research in Munich that
was part of the Ahnenerbe and as late as 1942 Hedin himself (then about seventy-seven years
old) was in friendly communication with such important Ahnenerbe personnel as Dr Ernst Schafer
from his residence in Stockholm. Moreover, on January 16, 1943, the Sven Hedin Institute for
Inner Asian (i.e. Mongolian) Research and Expeditions was formally inaugurated in Munich with
'great pomp,' a ceremony at which Hedin was in attendance as he was awarded with an
honorary doctorate for the occasion. (28)

It is possible that Hedin may have met Karl Haushofer (whom we discussed in Chapter Three)
while in the Far East, since Hedin was an occasional ambassador for the Swedish Government
and Flaushofer was a German military attache. 'Given Flaushofer's excessive interest in political
geography and his establishment of the Deutsche Akademie all over Asia (including China and
India, Fledin's old stomping grounds), it would actually be odd if the two hadn't met.' (29)

Indeed, the Deutsche Akademie and the Ahnenerbe, whose director was Wolfram Sievers, were
run along very similar lines. Dr Walther Wust, the Flumanities chairman of the Ahnenerbe who
carried the SS rank of Oberfuhrer, was also acting president of the Deutsche Akademie. Both
organisations conducted field research at Dachau concentration camp. (30)

Flimmler's vision of the SS required its transformation from Hitler's personal bodyguard to a
pagan religious order with virtually complete autonomy, answerable only to the Fuhrer himself.

As we have seen, Flimmler chose as the headquarters for his order the castle of Wewelsburg,
near Paderborn in Westphalia and close to the stone monument known as the Exsternsteine
where the Teutonic hero Arminius was said to have battled the Romans.

The focal point of Wewelsburg, evidently owing much to the legend of King Arthur and the
Knights of the Round Table, was a great dining hall with an oaken table to seat twelve picked
from the senior Gruppenfuhrers. The walls were to be adorned with their coats of arms; although
a high proportion lacked these -as of course did Flimmler himself - they were assisted in the
drafting of designs by Professor Diebitsch and experts from the Ahnenerbe. (31)

Beneath the dining hall was a circular room with a shallow depression reached by three stone
steps (symbolising the three Reichs). In this place of the dead, the coat of arms of the deceased
'Knight' of the SS would be ceremonially burned. Each member of Flimmler's Inner Circle of
Twelve had his own room, which was dedicated to an Aryan ancestor. Flimmler's own quarters
were dedicated to King Heinrich I, the Saxon king who had battled Flungarians and Slavs and of
whom Flimmler was convinced he was the reincarnation, (32) although he also claimed to have
had conversations with Heinrich's ghost at night. (33)

Inside the dining hall, Flimmler and his Inner Circle would perform various occult exercises, which
included attempts to communicate with the spirits of dead Teutons and efforts to influence the
mind of a person in the next room through the concentration of will-power.

There was no place for Christianity in the SS, and members were actively encouraged to break
with the Church.

New religious ceremonies were developed to take the place of Christian ones; for instance, a
winter solstice ceremony was designed to replace Christmas (starting in 1939 the word
'Christmas' was forbidden to appear in any official SS document), and another ceremony for the
summer solstice. Gifts were to be given at the summer solstice ceremony rather than at the
winter solstice ... (A possible, though by no means documented, cause for this switch of gift-
giving to the summer solstice is the death of Hitler's mother on the winter solstice and all the
grief and complex emotions this event represented for Hitler. It's understandable that Hitler - as
the Fuhrer and at least nominally in charge of the direction the new state religion would take -
would have wanted to remove every vestige of 'Christmas' from the pagan winter solstice
festival. As a means of denying his grief? Or as an act of defiance against the god whose birth is
celebrated on that day, a god who robbed Hitler of his beloved mother? It's worthwhile to note in
this context that for a national 'Day of the German Mother' Hitler chose his own mother's
birthday.) (34)

Besides Christmas, weddings and christenings were also replaced by pagan rituals, and pagan
myths, as we saw earlier in this chapter, influenced Flimmler's choice of Wewelsburg as the SS-
order castle. The meticulous work of Peter Levenda in unearthing previously unpublished
documents from the period allows us to consider the pagan world view of the Ahnenerbe and the
SS. The files of the Ahnenerbe contained an article by A. E. Muller originally published in a

monthly journal called Lower Saxony in 1903, which describes the celebration of the summer
solstice at the Exsternsteine monument near the Wewelsburg in the mid-nineteenth century.

[They are] like giants from a prehistoric world which, during the furious creation of the Earth,
were placed there by God as eternal monuments ... Many of our Volk are known to have
preserved the pagan belief and its rituals, and I remember that some sixty years ago, in my
earliest childhood days ... the custom was to undertake a long, continuous journey that lasted for
whole days and which only ended on St John's Day, to see those ancient 'Holy Stones' and to
celebrate there, with the sunrise, the Festival of the Summer Solstice. (35)

The town of Paderborn itself also had considerable pagan significance, as demonstrated by a
letter from a man named von Motz to the head of the Ahnenerbe, Wolfram Sievers, which is
quoted in Levenda's hugely informative book Unholy Alliance:

I am sending to you now ... six photographs with explanatory text. Maybe these can appear in
one of the next issues of [the official SS magazine] Schwarze Korps in order to show that it is to
some extent a favored practice of the church on images of its saints and so forth to illustrate the
defeat of adversaries by [having them] step on them.

The referenced essay also mentioned that there are depictions of the serpent's head, as the
symbol of original sin, being stepped on [by the saints].

These depictions are quite uncommonly prevalent. It is always Mary who treads on original sin.

Now these pictures appear to me particularly interesting because the serpent refers to an ancient
symbol of Germanic belief. At the Battle of Hastings the flag of the Saxons shows a golden
serpent on a blue field ...

The Mary Statue at Paderborn was erected in the middle of the past century in the courtyard of
the former Jesuit College. As professor Alois Fuchs related several times before in lectures
concerning the Paderborn art monuments, the artist that created the Mary Statue must have
been a Protestant. This is for me completely proven because the face in the moon-sickle in every
case represents Luther.

It is well known that Rome and Judah, preferring thus to take advantage of their own victims,
created victory monuments for them. (36)

As Levenda notes, these motifs are common in the volkisch underpinnings of Nazism, with the
serpent, thought of as an archetype of evil in Christianity, considered sacred by the Aryans. In
addition, '"Rome and Judah" shamelessly exploited the suffering of their own people by depicting
them as heroes or as vanquishers of evil through their agonies (thus reinforcing weak, non-Aryan
suicidal tendencies among the oppressed populations of Europe).' (37)

As we have noted, the Ahnenerbe received its official status within the SS in 1940, and while
other occult-oriented groups such as the Freemasons, the Theosophists and the Hermetic Order
of the Golden Dawn were being suppressed, the Ahnenerbe was given free rein to pursue its own
line of mystical and occult enquiry, with the express purpose of proving the historical validity of
Nazi paganism. Its more than 50 sections covered every aspect of occultism and paganism,
including Celtic studies, the rituals surrounding the Exsternsteine monument, Scandinavian
mythology, runic symbolism, the World Ice Theory of Hans Horbiger (which will be discussed in
Chapter Seven), and an archaeological research group that attempted to prove the geographical
ubiquity of the ancient Aryan civilisation. In addition, at the door of the Ahnenerbe must lie the
ineradicable iniquity of the medical experiments conducted at Dachau and other concentration
camps, since it was this organisation that commissioned the unbelievably hideous programme of
'scientific research' on living human subjects.

The mental ambiguity of Heinrich Himmler - rational, obedient and totally desirous of security on
the one hand; immersed in the spurious fantasy of Aryan destiny on the other - was
demonstrated most powerfully in the final phase of the Nazi regime, when it became obvious

that Germany would lose the war and the 'Thousand-year Reich' would become dust. From 1943
onward, Himmler maintained loose contacts with the Resistance Movement in Germany, and in
the spring of 1945 he entered into secret negotiations with the World Jewish Congress. (By
September 1944 he had already given orders for the murder of Jews to be halted, in order to
offer a more 'presentable' face to the Allies, an order that was not followed). (38)

Himmler's actions at this time indicate what Fest calls 'an almost incredible divorce from reality',
one example being his suggestion to a representative of the World Jewish Congress that 'it is
time you Jews and we National Socialists buried the hatchet'. (39) He even assumed, in all
seriousness, that he might lead a post-war Germany in an alliance with the West against the
Soviet Union. When the reality of the Third Reich's defeat finally overwhelmed his fantasies and
sent them to oblivion, and the idea of disguise and escape finally presented itself to him,

Himmler adopted perhaps the worst false identity he could have chosen: the uniform of a
sergeant-major of the Secret Military Police, a division of the Gestapo. Such was his 'divorce from
reality', even then, that it did not occur to him that any Gestapo member would be arrested on
sight by the Allies. This indeed occurred on 21 May 1945.

Like their master, many SS men took their own lives in 1945, appalled less at Himmler's betrayal
of Hitler through his attempts to negotiate with the Allies than at his betrayal of the SS itself and
of the ideals that had given meaning (at least to them) to the destruction they had wrought upon
their six million victims. The collapse of this SS ideal 'left only a senseless, filthy, barbaric murder
industry, for which there could be no defence'. (40)

7 - The secret at the heart of the world

Nazi Cosmology and Belief in the Hollow Earth

For readers encountering the field of Nazi Occultism (and its unholy spawn, contemporary belief
in genuine Nazi occult power) for the first time, the Hollow Earth Theory may well prompt a sigh
of exasperation. We have already examined a number of esoteric concepts that may be more or
less unpalatable to the modern mind; the realm we are about to enter, however, may be
considered both the most ridiculous and the most sinister yet, since it constitutes both a
synthesis and a further development of the strange ideas promulgated by the volkisch occultists
and, later, by the philosophers and pseudo-scientists of the Third Reich. As we shall see in this
chapter, the concept of the hollow Earth -and the related notion of vast, inhabited caverns within
a solid Earth - have come to occupy a central position in the fields of ufology, conspiracy theory,
fringe science and Nazi-survival theories. Indeed, the relevance of these subjects to the belief
systems that define late-twentieth-century popular occultism may come as a surprise to many
readers.

The Provenance of the Hollow Earth Theory

Of all the strange and irrational beliefs held by the Nazis, the most bizarre is surely the idea that
our planet is not a sphere floating in the emptiness of space, but rather is a hollow bubble, with
everything - people, buildings, continents, oceans and even other planets and stars - existing on
the inside. The origin of this curious notion, which would be developed and accepted in the
twentieth century by people such as Peter Bender, Dr Heinz Fisher and many members of the
German Admiralty, can be traced back to the seventeenth century and the writings of the Jesuit
Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), who speculated on conditions beneath the surface of the Earth
in a treatise written in 1665 entitled Mundus Subterraneus (The Subterranean World). In this
work, Kircher draws on the theories and speculations of various medieval geographers about the

unexplored north and south polar regions. As Joscelyn Godwin notes, Kircher paid particular
attention to the thirteenth-century friar Bartholomew of England, who maintained that 'at the
North Pole there is a black rock some 33 leagues in circumference, beneath which the ocean
flows with incredible speed through four channels into the subpolar regions, and is absorbed by
an immense whirlpool'. (1) Having entered this whirlpool, the waters then travel through a
myriad 'recesses' and 'channels' inside the planet and finally emerge in the ocean at the South
Pole (the continent of Antarctica had yet to be discovered).

Kircher's justification for his ideas was ingenious, if utterly flawed. He claimed that the polar
vortices must exist, otherwise the northern and southern oceans would be still and would thus
become stagnant, releasing noxious vapours that would prove lethal to life on Earth. In addition,
he believed that the movement of water through the body of the Earth was analogous both to
the recently discovered circulation of the blood and to the animal digestive system, with
elements in sea water extracted for the production of metals and the waste voided at the South
Pole. (2) This likening of the Earth to a single, living entity will doubtless call to mind certain New
Age concepts, in particular the so-called 'Gaia Hypothesis'. (While New Ageism might appear to
be nothing but benign, concerned as it is with the spiritual evolution of humanity, it does contain
certain aspects that are more sinister and potentially dangerous.)

The seventeenth-century writer Thomas Burnet (16357-1715) also suggested that water
circulated through the body of the Earth, issuing from an opening at the North Pole. In 1768, this
idea was further developed by Alexander Colcott, who added an interesting and portentous twist:
Godwin suggests that he may have been the first to theorise that, once inside the Earth, the
water joined a vast, concave ocean - in other words, that the Earth was actually a hollow globe.
(3)

In the eighteenth century, the Hollow Earth Theory carried far more intellectual currency than it
does now: even the illustrious Sir Edmund Halley (1656-1742), discoverer of the comet that
carries his name, proposed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of 1692 that
the Earth was a hollow sphere containing two additional concentric spheres, at the centre of
which was a hot core, a kind of central sun. The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-
1783) concurred and, indeed, went somewhat further, stating that there 'was a center sun inside
the Earth's interior, which provided daylight to a splendid subterranean civilization'. (4)

The apparent credibility of these theories resulted in a brand new subgenre of fantastic
literature. Godwin provides a brief rundown, based on the work of the French author Michel
Lamy, of the most significant of these tales:

While medieval theology, as celebrated in Dante's Divine Comedy, had found the interior of the
earth to be a suitable location for Hell, later writers began to imagine quite the contrary. The
universal philosopher Guillaume Postel, in his Compendium Cosmographicum (1561) and the
topographer Georg Braun, in his Urbium praecipuarum totius mundi (1581), suggested that God
had made the Earthly Paradise inaccessible to mankind by stowing it beneath the North Pole.
Among the early novels on the theme of a Utopia beneath the surface of the earth are the
Chevalier de Mouhy's Lamekis, ou les voyages extraordinaires d'un Egyptien dans la Terre
interieure (Lamekis, or the extraordinary voyages of an Egyptian in the inner earth, 1737), and
Ludvig Baron von Holberg's Nicholas Klim (1741), the latter much read in Holberg's native
Denmark. Giovanni Jacopo Casanova, the adventurer and libertine, also situated Paradise inside
the earth.

In Icosameron (1788), a work supposedly translated by him from the English, he describes the
twenty-one years passed by his heroes Edward and Elizabeth among the 'megamicros,' the
original inhabitants of the 'protocosm' in the interior of our globe. One way into this realm is
through the labyrinthine caves near Lake Zirchnitz, a region of Transylvania. The megamicros
issue from bottomless wells and assemble in temples, clad in red coats. Their gods are reptiles,
with sharp teeth and a magnetic stare. (5) The literature of the Romantic era, needless to say, is

rich in fantasies of polar mysteries and lands within the earth. The best known works are
probably George Sand's Laura ou le voyage dans le crystal (Laura, or the voyage in the Crystal);
Edgar Alien Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym; Alexander Dumas's Isaac Laquedem;
Bulwer Lytton's The Coming Race [see Chapter Three]; Jules Verne's Voyage au centre de la
terre (Voyage to the Centre of the Earth) and Le Sphinx des glaces (The Sphinx of the Ice).
Novels by later and less distinguished authors include William Bradshaw's The Goddess of
Atvatabar (1892), Robert Ames Bennet's Thyra, a Romance of the Polar Pit (1901), Willis George
Emerson's The Smoky God (1908), and the Pellucidarian stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator
of Tarzan. (6)

In view of the exciting potential of the Hollow Earth Theory, not to mention the literary vogue for
such romantic fictions, it was only a matter of time before someone had the bright idea of
actually searching for the entrances to the mysterious world apparently lying beneath humanity's
feet. Such a man was John Cleves Symmes (1780-1829), who spent a good portion of his life
trying to convince the world not only that the Earth was hollow, but that it would be worthwhile
to finance an expedition, under his leadership, to find a way inside.

'I Declare the Earth is Hollow ... '

A native of New Jersey, Symmes enlisted in the United States Army where he distinguished
himself for bravery in the French and Indian Wars. Evidently a man of considerable personal
integrity, he married a widow named Mary Anne Lockwood in 1808, and ensured that her
inheritance from her husband was used to raise her five children (he had five of his own). In
1816, he retired with the rank of Captain and became a trader in St Louis. (7) Two years later,
Symmes first announced his beliefs to the world, thus:

CIRCULAR

Light gives light to discover - ad infinitum
St Louis, Missouri Territory, North America
April 10, AD 1818
To all the World:

I declare the earth is hollow and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentric
spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles twelve or sixteen degrees. I pledge
my life in support of this truth, and am ready to explore the hollow, if the world will support and
aid me in the undertaking.

Jno. Cleves Symmes

Of Ohio, late Captain of Infantry.

N.B. - 1 have ready for the press a treatise on the principles of matter, wherein I show proofs of
the above positions, account for various phenomena, and disclose Dr. Darwin's 'Golden Secret.'

My terms are the patronage of THIS and the NEW WORLDS.

I dedicate to my wife and her ten children.

I select Dr. S.L. Mitchell, Sir H. Davy, and Baron Alexander Von Humboldt as my protectors.

I ask one hundred brave companions, well equipped, to start from Siberia, in the fall season,
with reindeer and sleighs, on the ice of the frozen sea; I engage we will find a warm and rich
land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals, if not men, on reaching one degree northward
of latitude 82; we will return in the succeeding spring.

J.C.S. (8)

Of all the academic societies in America and Europe to which Symmes sent his circular, only the
French Academy of Sciences in Paris bothered to respond - and that was to say, in effect, that
the theory of concentric spheres inside the Earth was nonsense. Undaunted by the total lack of
academic interest in his ideas, Symmes spent the next ten years travelling around the United
States, giving lectures and trying to raise sufficient funds to strike out for the interior of the
planet. Fie petitioned Congress in 1822 and 1823 to finance his expedition, and even secured 25
votes the second time. (9) Ultimately, the strain of constant travelling and lecturing took its toll
on Symmes's health. Fie died at Flamilton, Ohio on 29 May 1829. His grave in the Flamilton
cemetery is marked by a stone model of the hollow Earth, placed there by his son, Americus.

Symmes's theory of the hollow Earth is described principally in two books: Symmes's Theory of
Concentric Spheres (1826) by James McBride, and The Symmes Theory of Concentric Spheres
(1878) by Americus Symmes. (10) (Symmes himself wrote a novel, under the pseudonym
'Captain Adam Seaborn', entitled Symzonia A Voyage of Discovery, published in 1820.) As Martin
Gardner notes, in these books, 'Flundreds of reasons are given for believing the earth hollow -
drawn from physics, astronomy, climatology, the migration habits of animals, and the reports of
travelers. Moreover, a hollow planet, like the hollow bones of the body, would be a sturdy and
economical way for the Creator to arrange things.' (11)

As we have noted, the Flollow Earth Theory attracted the attention of many writers of fiction.
Aside from the best-known mentioned above, a number of minor authors explored the topic. In
1871, for instance, Professor William F. Lyon published The Hollow Globe, or the World's Agitator
or Reconciler that included many bizarre speculations on open polar seas, the electro-magnetic
origin of earthquakes (which were thought impossible unless the world were hollow) and the
theory of gravitation (which needed considerable reworking in view of the drastically reduced
mass of a hollow planet). The text of the book was apparently received during mediumistic
trances by a Dr Sherman and his wife, with Professor Lyon transcribing the material. Among the
many curious revelations in this book is the 'great fact that this globe is a hollow or spherical
shell with an interior as well as an exterior surface, and that it contains an inner concave as well
as outer convex world, and that the inner is accessible by an extensive spirally formed aperture,
provided with a deep and commodious channel suited to the purposes of navigation for the
largest vessels that float, and that this aperture may be found in the unexplored open Polar Sea'.
( 12 )

The Reverend Dr William F. Warren, President of Boston University, published his book Paradise
Found in 1885, in which he argued for the origin of the human race at the North Pole. While
Warren did not claim that the Earth was hollow, his book nevertheless added to the speculation
on the significance of the polar regions, and the idea that the solution to the mystery of
humanity's origin might lie there. (13)

In 1896, John Uri Lloyd published his book Etidorhpa (the title is 'Aphrodite' reversed). One of
the strangest books on the subject, Etidorhpa tells the story of one Llewellyn Drury, a Mason and
seeker after mystery, who encounters a telepathic humanoid creature without a face. The
creature takes Drury into a deep cave in Kentucky, and the two emerge on the inner surface of
the Earth, where the adventurer is taught to levitate beneath the rays of the central sun. (14)

A Single Bubble in Infinite Nothingness

In 1870, perhaps the strangest of all alternative cosmological theories was formulated by Cyrus
Teed: the theory that not only is the Earth hollow but we are the ones living on the inside. Born
in 1839 in Delaware County, New York, Teed received a Baptist upbringing. After a spell as a
private with the United States Army, he attended the New York Eclectic Medical College in Utica,
New York. (Eclecticism was an alternative form of medicine that relied on herbal treatments.) It
seems that Teed was greatly troubled by the concept of infinite space, which he could not
reconcile with the well-ordered Universe of the Scriptures. While he accepted that the Earth was
round (he had little choice, since it had been circumnavigated), he found the notion of a ball of

rock floating endlessly through an infinite void so unsettling that he set about attempting to
formulate an alternative structure for the observable Cosmos.

The answer apparently came to him in a vision in his alchemical laboratory in Utica at midnight
one night in 1869. A beautiful woman appeared before him, telling him of the previous lives he
had lived, how he was destined to become a messiah, and about the true structure of the
Universe. Under the pseudonym Koresh (the Hebrew for Cyrus), Teed published two works: The
Illumination of Koresh: Marvellous Experience of the Great Alchemist at Utica, N.Y and The
Cellular Cosmogony. In his splendid book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, Martin
Gardner summarises the key points of Teed's outrageous cosmology:

The entire cosmos, Teed argued, is like an egg. We live on the inner surface of the shell, and
inside the hollow are the sun, moon, stars, planets, and comets. What is outside? Absolutely
nothing! The inside is all there is. You can't see across it because the atmosphere is too dense.
The shell is 100 miles thick and made up of seventeen layers. The inner five are geologic strata,
under which are five mineral layers, and beneath that, seven metallic ones. A sun at the center
of the open space is invisible, but a reflection of it is seen as our sun. The central sun is half light
and half dark. Its rotation causes our illusory sun to rise and set. The moon is a reflection of the
earth, and the planets are reflections of 'mercurial discs floating between the laminae of the
metallic planes'. The heavenly bodies we see, therefore, are not material, but merely focal points
of light, the nature of which Teed worked out in great detail by means of optical laws ...

The earth, it is true, seems to be convex, but according to Teed, it is all an illusion of optics. If
you take the trouble to extend a horizontal line far enough, you will always encounter the earth's
upward curvature. Such an experiment was actually carried out in 1897 by the Koreshan
Geodetic Staff, on the Gulf Coast of Florida. There are photographs in later editions of the book
showing this distinguished group of bearded scientists at work. Using a set of three double T-
squares - Teed calls the device a 'rectilineator' - they extended a straight line for four miles along
the coast only to have it plunge finally into the sea [thus proving the Earth to be a concave
sphere]. Similar experiments had been conducted the previous year on the surface of the Old
Illinois Drainage Canal. (15)

As Gardner observes, Teed was undoubtedly a pseudo-scientist and displayed all the paranoia
and obfuscation associated with that fascinating and infuriating group. His explanations of the
structure of the Universe (the ways in which planets and comets are formed, for instance) were
couched in impossible-to-understand terms such as 'cruosic force', 'coloric substance' and
'afferent and efferent fluxions of essence'. In addition, he bitterly attacked orthodox science,
which sought to impose its erroneous view of reality on a 'credulous public'. He likened himself
'(as does almost every pseudo-scientist) to the great innovators of the past who found it difficult
to get their views accepted'. (16)

Teed's scientific pronouncements were combined with apocalyptic religious elements, as
demonstrated in the following prophetic announcement:

We are now approaching a great biological conflagration. Thousands of people will dematerialize,
through a biological electro- magnetic vibration. This will be brought about through the direction
of one mind, the only one who has a knowledge of the law of this bio-alchemical transmutation.
The change will be accomplished through the formation of a biological battery, the laws of which
are known only to one man. This man is Elijah the prophet, ordained of God, the Shepherd of the
Gentiles and the central reincarnation of the ages. From this conflagration will spring the sons of
God, the biune offspring of the Lord Jesus, the Christ and Son of God. (17)

Unfortunately for Teed, his revelations did not prove of any great interest to the natives of Utica,
who took to calling him the 'crazy doctor' and sought their medical advice elsewhere. With his
medical practice facing ruin and his wife already having left him, Teed decided to take to the
road to spread his curious word. As a travelling orator, he was a spectacular success (he is said
to have earned $60,000 in California alone). (18) He was particularly popular in Chicago, where

he settled in 1886 and founded first the College of Life and later Koreshan Unity, a small
communal society.

In the 1890s, Teed bought a small piece of land just south of Fort Meyers, Florida, and built a
town called Estero. He referred to the town as 'the New Jerusalem', predicted that it would
become the capital of the world, and told his followers to expect the arrival of eight million
believers. The actual number who arrived was something of a disappointment, being closer to
200; nevertheless, the happy, efficient and hard-working community seems to have functioned
extremely well. Their strange ideas notwithstanding, the members, male and female alike, were
treated as equals, which is no bad thing. (19)

Teed died in 1908 after being beaten by the Marshal of Fort Meyers. He had claimed that after
his death he would be taken up into Heaven with his followers. They dutifully held a prayer vigil
over his body, awaiting the event that, unsurprisingly, did not take place. As Teed's body started
to decompose, the county health officer arrived and ordered Teed's burial. He was finally interred
in a concrete tomb on an island off the Gulf Coast. In 1921 a hurricane swept the tomb away:
Teed's body was never found. (20)

As we shall see shortly, in Germany a theory comparable to Teed's was developed by an aviator
named Peter Bender. Although Bender himself would die in a Nazi prison camp, his Hollow Earth
Doctrine (Hohlweltlehre) found many followers in the Third Reich, including some naval leaders
who thought that it might be possible to spy on British naval movements by pointing their radar
beams up! As with the more conventional (!) Hollow Earth Theory, there are many people who
still fervently believe that we are living on the inside of a hollow sphere.

The Hollow Earth in the Twentieth Century

Instead of going the way of other strange notions about the nature of the Universe and
collapsing in the face of empirical science, the Hollow Earth Theory survived the end of the
nineteenth century, refusing to be banished to the realm of the defunct and disproved. Indeed,
in spite of its utter erroneousness, its elegance, romance and air of fantastic mystery ensured it a
place in the hearts of those who felt dismayed by the arrogance of orthodox science, not to
mention the arrogance of the world's leaders. As we shall see, its very simplicity enabled (and
still enables) believers to use it as a template for all manner of esoteric 'truths', conspiracy
theories and 'proofs' of the secret nefarious activities of governments. This will become especially
apparent when we examine the corollary to the Hollow Earth Theory which, for want of a better
expression, we might term the Subterranean Cavern Theory. The idea that the planet is
honeycombed with vast cave systems, many of which are inhabited by highly advanced beings
and monstrous creatures, developed through the combination of Eastern mysticism (see Chapter
Four) with Hollow Earth beliefs, and resulted in a frighteningly paranoid and bizarre scenario that
includes the machinations of a secret, one-world government, clandestine alien occupation of our
planet, and attempts to perfect mind-control of Earth's population. We will examine these
subjects, together with the perceived involvement of the Nazis in their development, a little later;
but for now, let us return to the status of the Hollow Earth Theory at the opening of the
twentieth century.

The first important book of the twentieth century to deal with the theory was The Phantom of
the Poles by William Reed, published in 1906. This book was the first serious attempt to gather
evidence for a hollow Earth, the 'phantom' of the title being a reference to the poles' existence
only as locations in space, and not points on the Earth's surface. The only major alteration Reed
made to earlier versions of the theory was to reduce the size of the openings at the North and
South Poles to a few hundred miles instead of several thousand. The reason for this was that
expeditions had been pushing further and further into the polar regions, without finding any
evidence of vast openings into the Earth's interior. This refinement notwithstanding, Reed
reiterated the beliefs of earlier theorists: 'The earth is hollow. The Poles, so long sought, are
phantoms. There are openings at the northern and southern extremities. In the interior are vast

continents, oceans, mountains and rivers. Vegetable and animal life are evident in the New
World, and it is probably peopled by races unknown to dwellers on the Earth's surface.' (21)

In 1913, William Gardner published his book A Journey to the Earth's Interior or, Have the Poles
Really Been Discovered? The book contained the now-famous illustration of the Earth with half of
its northern hemisphere cut away to reveal the continents and oceans within. According to
Gardner, the central sun was 600 miles in diameter, and its surface was 2,900 miles from the
inner surface of the Earth. The polar openings were 1,400 miles wide, and the planetary shell
was 800 miles thick. Like Reed and others before him, Gardner believed that conditions within
the Earth were extremely pleasant, akin to some semi-tropical paradise. Like Symmes, he
attempted to gather sufficient funds for an expedition, without success. At the end of A Journey
to the Earth's Interior, Gardner wrote of his hope that one day, with the aid of airships, the
openings would be proved to exist. (22) Of course, the advent of routine manned flight proved
his theory wrong, although, as we shall see later in this chapter, the words of one famous
explorer who flew over the poles have been twisted by hollow Earth believers to imply things he
never intended.

Horbiger's World Ice Theory

While not proposing that the Earth is hollow, the World Ice Theory (Welteislehre, or WEL) of
Hans Horbiger (1860-1931) amply demonstrates how outrageously inaccurate cosmological
models can be used for political and propaganda purposes. Such was the case with Horbiger's
Glazial-Kosmogonie, which the Viennese mining engineer wrote in collaboration with an amateur
astronomer and which Martin Gardner calls 'one of the great classics in the history of crackpot
science'. (23) Although ridiculed by astronomers in Germany - and by just about everyone else in
the rest of the world - the World Ice Theory was to gain a fanatical following in Nazi Germany,
where it was seen as a brilliant refutation of the orthodox materialistic science personified by the
Jewish scientist Albert Einstein. Indeed, according to the rocket scientist Willy Ley (whom we
have already met in Chapter Three and will meet again in the next chapter), supporters of this
theory acted very much like a miniature political party, issuing leaflets, posters and circulars, and
publishing a monthly journal, The Key to World Events. (24) Pauwels and Bergier offer a
revealing snapshot of their behaviour:

[Horbiger] seemed to have considerable funds at his disposal, and operated like a party leader.
He launched a campaign, with an information service, recruiting offices, membership
subscriptions, and engaged propagandists and volunteers from among the Hitler Youth. The
walls were covered with posters, the newspapers filled with announcements, tracts were
distributed and meetings organized. When astronomers met in conference their meetings were
interrupted by partisans shouting: 'Down with the orthodox scientists!' Professors were molested
in the streets; the directors of scientific institutes were bombarded with leaflets: 'When we have
won, you and your like will be begging in the gutter.' Businessmen and heads of firms before
engaging an employee made him or her sign a declaration saying: 'I swear that I believe in the
theory of eternal ice.' (25)

Horbiger was deeply fascinated by the origin and behaviour of moons, believing that they held
the key to the way in which the Universe functions. For example, our present moon, Luna, is not
the only satellite that the Earth has had: there have been at least six others, all of which crashed
into the Earth, causing massive geological upheavals, so Horbiger believed. According to
Horbiger, too, space is not a vacuum but is filled with hydrogen, which has the effect of slowing
down celestial bodies in their courses, causing them to spiral in gradually towards their parent
body. This, he maintained, is the ultimate fate of the Solar System, with all of the planets falling
into the Sun. As they head inexorably towards their parent star, smaller planets occasionally are
captured by larger worlds, becoming temporary satellites.

The Austrian engineer's theories were taken up and developed after his death by a British
mythologist named Hans Schindler Bellamy, who wrote a book entitled Moons, Myths and Man

based on the World Ice Theory. (26) Martin Gardner provides us with an admirably condensed
summary of his odd beliefs. Bellamy concentrated his research on the period in which the pre-
Lunar moon orbited Earth: since humanity was present at this time, it was able to preserve a
record of the moon's cataclysmic collision with the Earth in the form of myths and legends.
Bellamy refers to this satellite as the 'tertiary moon'. As it spiralled closer and closer to the Earth,
its gravitational field pulled the world's oceans into a 'girdle tide', a gigantic, raised belt of water
rising up from the equator. Humanity was forced by the resulting planet-wide glaciation to live in
mountainous regions on either side of the girdle tide. As the tertiary moon drew closer, its orbital
velocity increased until it was circling the Earth six times every day, its scarred and pitted surface
apparently giving rise to the legends of dragons and other flying monsters.

When the moon reached a certain distance from the Earth, the planet's stronger gravitational
field tore the satellite apart The result was planet-wide rains and hail storms (all moons having
thick coatings of ice on their surfaces), followed by bombardments of gigantic rocks and boulders
as the moon finally disintegrated. With the moon gone, the girdle-tide of water collapsed,
resulting in the Biblical Deluge.

Eventually, the Earth recovered from its titanic bruising, and this period of tranquillity gave rise
to the legends of a Golden Age and earthly Paradise. However, with the arrival of the present
moon, Luna, about 13,500 years ago, chaos reigned once again, with earthquakes, axial shifts
and glaciation disfiguring the face of the planet. According to Bellamy, the Atlantean civilisation
was destroyed in this cataclysm. He also believed that the Book of Revelation is actually a
historical account of the destruction of the tertiary moon, and Genesis a description of the Earth's
recovery following the collision.

For his own part, Horbiger claimed that Luna is covered with a coating of ice 140 miles thick, and
that ice also covers Mercury, Venus and Mars. In fact, the famous 'canals' on Mars (now known
to be an optical illusion) are, in Horbiger's warped cosmology, cracks on the surface of a 250-
mile-deep frozen sea on the Martian surface. The Universe, Horbiger maintained, was packed
with gigantic blocks of ice, the action of which accounted for the majority of astronomical events.
The Milky Way, for instance, was actually a ring of enormous blocks of ice, not hundreds of
millions of stars as the doctored photographs of orthodox astronomy implied. Like moons, the
blocks of ice also encounter resistance from the hydrogen with which space is filled, and also
spiral into the Sun, causing sunspots when they hit.

Of course, the fact that a theory was idiotic was no barrier to its success in the Third Reich, and
the World Ice Theory was eagerly embraced and disseminated by the Propaganda Ministry Willy
Ley records some of the statements made by representatives of the cult of WEL in its literature:

Our Nordic ancestors grew strong in ice and snow; belief in the World Ice is consequently the
natural heritage of Nordic Man.

Just as it needed a child of Austrian culture - Hitler! -to put the Jewish politicians in their place,
so it needed an Austrian to cleanse the world of Jewish science.

The Fuhrer, by his very life, has proved how much a so-called 'amateur' can be superior to self-
styled professionals; it needed another 'amateur' to give us complete understanding of the
universe. (27)

Gardner, writing in the 1950s, ends his discussion of Horbiger with the amusing comment (from
our present perspective) that 'the Cosmic Ice Theory will find disciples until the first spaceship
lands on the cratered surface of an iceless moon'. (28) He was certainly correct, and Horbiger
was certainly incorrect. However, it is difficult to resist the temptation to note the recent
discovery of large ice deposits at the lunar poles, and the theory that they are the result of
cometary impacts - comets being, of course, gigantic lumps of ice ...

The Phantom Universe

The island of Rugen in the Baltic was the site of one of the most bizarre and misguided strategies
of the Second World War. In April 1942, an expedition under the leadership of the infra-red ray
specialist Dr Heinz Fisher and equipped with state-of-the-art radar sets landed on Rugen and
began to make a series of observations. Fisher ordered the radar sets to be pointed at an angle
of 45° into the sky, a position they maintained for several days. The reason for this peculiar
experiment was to prove that the Earth is not a sphere floating in space but is actually a bubble
set in an infinity of rock. With the radar pointed upwards at a 45° angle, it was hoped that the
beams would be reflected back from objects at some distance along the internal surface of the
bubble. It was also hoped that the radar would provide Fisher's team with an image of the British
Fleet at Scapa Flow. (29)

According to Professor Gerard S. Kuiper of the Mount Palomar Observatory, who wrote several
articles on the Hollow Earth Theory: 'High officials in the German Admiralty and Air Force
believed in the theory of a hollow Earth. They thought this would be useful for locating the
whereabouts of the British Fleet, because the concave curvature of the Earth would facilitate
long-distance observation by means of infra-red rays, which are less curved than visible rays.'
(30)

Although they are not the most reliable of sources, Pauwels and Bergier nevertheless make a
good point in their occult classic The Morning of the Magicians when they note that if our modern
civilisation is unified by anything, it is by the fundamental agreement we reach over cosmology -
in other words, we are at least able to agree that the Earth is a near-spherical object drifting in
an immense void several billion light years in radius. It is one of the many indicators of the
baffling and terrifying perversity of the Nazis that so many of them believed in this ridiculous
inversion of reality:

The defenders of the Hollow Earth theory, who organized the famous para-scientific expedition
to the island of Rugen, believed that we are living inside a globe fixed into a mass of rock
extending to infinity, adhering to its concave sides. The sky is in the middle of this globe; it is a
mass of bluish gas, with points of brilliant light which we mistake for stars. There are only the
Sun and the Moon - both infinitely smaller than the orthodox astronomers think. This is the entire
Universe. We are all alone, surrounded by rock. (31)

The origin of this idea, as applied in Nazi Germany, can be traced to 1918 and a young German
aviator, Peter Bender, who came upon some old copies of Cyrus Teed's periodical, The Sword of
Fire. Bender developed and 'refined' the theory (if such a term can be used) into what he called
the Hohlweltlehre (Hollow World Theory), also enlisting the strange ideas of Marshall B. Gardner
who had claimed that the Sun is actually inside the Earth on whose surface we are kept not by
gravity but by the pressure of sunlight. (32) Bender claimed that the hollow bubble of the Earth
was the same size as we believe our spherical Earth to be, with solar radiation keeping
everything pressed to the concave surface. Beneath our feet is an infinite mass of rock; above
our heads the atmosphere stretches to 45 miles, beyond which there is a hard vacuum. At the
centre of this vacuum there are three objects: the Sun, the Moon and the Phantom Universe,
which is a globe of blue gas containing the shining points of light astronomers mistake for stars.

It is night over a part of this concave Earth when the blue mass passes in front of the Sun, and
the shadow of this mass on the Moon produces eclipses ... This theory of Bender's became
popular round about the 1930s. The rulers of Germany and officers of the Admiralty and Air
Force High Command believed that the Earth is hollow. (33)

The Rugen experiment was, of course, a miserable failure. The Nazi hierarchy turned their backs
on the Hohlweltlehre and on Peter Bender himself, who was sent to his death in a concentration
camp. Horbiger's Welteislehre, with its equally ridiculous doctrine of the eternal conflict between
ice and fire in an infinite Universe, won the day.

The Much-abused Admiral Byrd

Few twentieth-century personalities have been more closely connected with the Flollow Earth
Theory - not to mention the theory that UFOs are man-made and are based in Antarctica - than
the great Arctic and Antarctic explorer Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. As we shall see in this
section, and in the final chapter of this book, Admiral Byrd's exploits in the fastness of the South
Polar regions have become the stuff of legend, not only in the history of the exploration of our
world but also in the fields of ufology, crypto-history and paranoiac conspiracy theory.

Born into an illustrious family at Winchester, Virginia in 1888, Byrd enrolled at the United States
Naval Academy at the age of twenty, and received his commission four years later, in 1912. Fie
learned to fly in the First World War, and retained a love of and fascination with flight for the rest
of his life. Following the war of 1914-1918, he conducted a number of experiments in flight over
water and out of sight of land (and thus without any landmarks by which to navigate), using
various scientific instruments such as bubble sextants and drift indicators. His pioneering work
with this aspect of navigation led to his being appointed by the US Navy to plan the first
transatlantic flight in 1919. The trip was made by the US Navy Flying Boats NCI, NC3 and NC4
(the NC4 being the first plane to complete the flight, via Newfoundland and the Azores, in May of
that year). (34)

Seven years later, in 1926, Byrd and Floyd Bennett became the first men to fly over the North
Pole. Byrd had been appointed navigator on the proposed transpolar flight from Alaska to
Spitzbergen of the US Navy dirigible Shenandoah; but the flight was cancelled by President
Coolidge. Upon their return to New York, Byrd was asked by Roald Amundsen what his next
objective would be. His response was matter-of-fact: to fly over the South Pole.

Byrd's first Antarctic Expedition (1928-1930) was the first to utilise aircraft, aerial cameras and
snowmobiles. With his three planes - a Ford Tri-motor monoplane, a Fokker Universal and a
Fairchild K3 monoplane - Byrd became the first explorer to combine aerial reconnaissance with
ground surveys (making his expedition more important than that of Sir Flubert Wilkins, who had
flown in Antarctica ten weeks previously).

The Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933-1935) was, like the first, privately financed, thanks
to the continuing American fascination with polar exploration. For most of the winter of 1934,
Byrd remained alone in a meteorological hut some 120 miles into the Antarctic interior,
conducting observations of the weather and aurora. These observations were the first of their
kind, and nearly cost Byrd his life: he was rescued from the hut by other expedition members
when he fell victim to carbon monoxide poisoning.

The United States Antarctic Service Expedition (1939-1941) was led by Byrd, but financed by the
US Government.

Its objectives were contained within an order from President Roosevelt in November 1939, which
was received by Byrd five days later on board his ship, the North Star, in the Panama Canal
Zone. Roosevelt wanted two bases to be established: East Base would be set up near Charcot
Island or Alexander I Land; West Base would be built near King Edward VII Land or on the Bay
of Whales. The principal objective of the expedition was the mapping of the Antarctic coastline
between meridians 72°W and 148°W, with additional mapping to be undertaken on the west
coast of the Weddell Sea between Cape Eielson and the Luitpold Coast.

The expedition was a great success, with most of the mapping (700 miles of coastline) being
achieved, and the establishing of two bases 1,600 miles apart by air. In addition, numerous
scientific observations were made on the summit of the Antarctic Peninsula, including seismic,
cosmic ray, auroral, biological, tidal and magnetic surveys. The bases were evacuated with the
outbreak of the Second World War, during which Byrd returned to active service as the Chief of
Naval Operations.

In the early post-war years, Byrd contributed to the organisation of the US Navy Antarctic
Developments Project of 1946-1947, also known as 'Operation Highjump'. The project was one

of the first military events of the Cold War, and was designed to offer US personnel experience of
operating in polar conditions. Operation Highjump deployed 4,700 men, 33 aircraft, 13 ships and
10 caterpillar tractors, and also saw the first use of helicopters and icebreakers in Antarctica.
Since Operation Highjump has become one of the most notorious and significant events in the
crypto-history of post-war Nazi activities, we must leave an in-depth examination for the final
chapter. For now, let us turn our attention to the reasons for Richard Byrd being so closely
identified with the concept of a hollow Earth.

The blame can be laid firmly at the doors of three central figures in the Hollow Earth debate:
Amadeo Giannini, Raymond Bernard and Ray Palmer. All three made astonishing claims
regarding Rear Admiral Byrd's voyage over the North Pole in 1947 - a voyage that did not, in
fact, take place: we have already seen that he was not in the Arctic in 1947 but in Antarctica.
(Giannini got around this inconvenient fact by claiming that Byrd made a secret trip to the Arctic
in 1947.) Before we meet these three fascinating characters, we must pause to consider their
claims that, regardless of their veracity, have become central in the argument for a hollow Earth
and which are still cited by proponents of this bizarre theory.

The claims arise from certain comments made by Byrd about the North Polar regions. In
February 1947, Byrd reportedly said: 'I'd like to see that land beyond the Pole. That area beyond
the Pole is the centre of the great unknown.' This was followed by his mythical flight in that year,
which took him 1,700 miles beyond the North Pole. During this flight, he is said to have reported
by radio that he saw vast areas of ice-free land with mountains, forests, lakes, rivers and lush
vegetation. He even saw a large animal, resembling a mammoth, lumbering through the
undergrowth! (35) Nine years later, in January 1956, Byrd is said to have made similarly
monumental discoveries during a United States expedition to Antarctica, during which they
'accomplished a flight of 2,700 miles from the base at McMurdo Sound, which is 400 miles west
of the South Pole, and penetrated a land extent of 2,300 miles beyond the Pole'. (36) Upon his
return, Byrd stated that the expedition had 'opened up a vast new land'. Shortly before his death
in 1957, Byrd referred to 'that enchanted continent in the sky, land of everlasting mystery'. (37)

For believers in the hollow Earth, these statements were a godsend: apparently corroborative
testimony from a highly respected explorer. The interpretation was straightforward: the Earth
really does have a vast opening at each Pole, leading to the hollow interior, and it was into these
openings that Byrd had flown. The 'vast new land' was actually the lip of the South Polar
opening, the curvature of which was so gradual that Byrd did not realise he was well on his way
into the inner Earth. The 'enchanted continent in the sky' was none other than the fabulous
Rainbow City, home of the hidden super-civilisation that operated the UFOs. (38)

As the more responsible commentators on this subject state (often with noticeable relish), there
is absolutely no evidence that the Earth is a hollow globe, and the statements attributed to Rear
Admiral Byrd do not refer to journeys (witting or unwitting) into the Polar openings. As W.A.
Harbinson and Joscelyn Godwin state, the 'great unknown' and the 'land beyond the Pole' are
merely descriptions of those parts of Antarctica that had yet to be explored; the 'enchanted
continent in the sky' was 'no more than a description of a phenomenon common in Antarctic
conditions: the mirage-like reflection of the land below'. (39)

Harbinson continues with his sweeping away of the nonsense that has developed around Byrd's
exploratory flights:

[Wjhat, precisely, did Rear Admiral Byrd say? In extracts from his journal, published in the
National Geographic magazine of October 1947, he wrote: 'As I write this, we are circling the
South Pole ... The Pole is approximately 2500 feet [760 metres] below us. On the other side of
the Pole we are looking into that vast unknown area we have struggled so hard to reach.'

Did Byrd claim to have flown 1,700 miles (2,750 kilometres) beyond the North Pole in February
1947? No. Describing his flight beyond the South Pole on 16 February 1947 he wrote: 'We flew to
approximately latitude 88°30' south, an estimated 100 miles [160 kilometres]. Then we made

approximately a right-angle turn eastward until we reached the 45 th east meridian, when we
turned again, this time on the way back to Little America.'

Did Byrd report seeing on his journey, not ice and snow, but land areas consisting of mountains,
forests, green vegetation, lakes and rivers: and, in the undergrowth, a strange animal that
resembled a mammoth? No. According to his journal: 'Altogether we had surveyed nearly 10,000
square miles [25,900 square kilometres] of "the country beyond the Pole". As was to be
expected, although it is somewhat disappointing to report, there was no observable feature of
any significance beyond the Pole. There was only the rolling white desert from horizon to
horizon.' (40)

It is a fundamental feature of 'paranormal' debate that believers will always find a way around
sceptics' arguments, and also, of course, that sceptics will always find a way to rubbish the
evidence provided by believers. The Hollow Earth theory is no exception, and Rear Admiral Byrd's
voyages of Polar discovery continue to be presented as incontrovertible proof of the existence of
the Polar openings and the fabulous lands and creatures within, in spite of the fact that those
voyages, epoch-making as they were, revealed little more than ice. As we shall now see, Byrd's
flights served as the inspiration for ever more elaborate variations on the basic Hollow Earth
theme.

Amadeo Giannini and the Physical Continuity of the Universe

The first writer to appropriate Rear Admiral Byrd's polar experiences (real or otherwise) in
support of his own cosmological theories was Amadeo Giannini, who had had a kind of
extrasensory revelation about the structure of the Earth and the surrounding Universe while
walking through a forest in New England in October 1926. Like Symmes before him, Giannini
spent many years attempting to gain both official recognition for his theory from orthodox
scientists and astronomers and adequate funds to mount an expedition to the Polar regions to
prove it. Again like Symmes, he was frustrated in both endeavours.

In 1959 he produced a book entitled Worlds Beyond the Poles that was published by the New
York vanity publisher Vantage Press at a cost to Giannini of $3,000 and that set out, in confusing
and badly written prose, his argument concerning what he called the 'Physical Continuity of the
Universe'. The theory was bizarre even by the standards of the Hollow Earth thinking that had
spawned Bender's Hohlweltlehre. According to Giannini, our belief that the Earth is a sphere
floating in space is the result of an optical illusion: the Earth is actually physically connected to
the rest of the Universe at the Poles.

In Giannini's view, Byrd, in flying beyond the Poles, had managed to reach the lands connecting
this world to the next. Indeed, according to David Hatcher Childress, Giannini was the first to
quote the great explorer's words about the 'land beyond the pole' and the 'great unknown'.
Giannini stated: 'It must be conceded that the land beyond to which Admiral Byrd referred had to
be land beyond and out of bounds of theoretic Earth extent. If it had been considered part of the
mathematized Earth it would not have been referred to as the "center of the great unknown."
(41) As we have already noted, it is a considerable leap of logic to take a poetic description of an
unexplored land and claim that it connotes a hollow or infinitely extensive planet.

Ray Palmer, Richard Shaver and the Horror Beneath Our Feet

Anxious that his revolutionary theory should reach as wide an audience as possible, Giannini sent
a copy of Worlds Beyond the Poles to the man most likely to give it a sympathetic reading:
Raymond Palmer. Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1910, Palmer would become something of a
Renaissance man in the fields of the bizarre and unusual, writing science fiction stories, editing
pulp magazines and founding Fate, the world's longest-running journal of the paranormal.

It has to be said that life did not deal him the best of hands: at the age of seven he was run over
by a truck and his back was broken; two years later, a failed spinal operation left him with a
hunchback, and this, combined with a growth-hormone deficiency, resulted in an adult height of
just four feet. Understandably enough, this led him to become something of a loner, with a
voracious appetite for reading, particularly the fantastic romances that were becoming
increasingly popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Palmer was also a great fan of Hugo Gernsback's
pulp science fiction magazine Amazing Stones, the first of its kind. (The term 'pulp' comes from
the low-grade paper on which these popular magazines were printed.) Palmer organised the
first-ever science fiction fan club, the Science Correspondence Club, and founded the first SF
fanzine, The Comet, in 1930. Over the next few years, he wrote a number of stories for the pulps
before becoming editor of Amazing Stories in 1938. At that time, the magazine was in serious
difficulties, but Palmer turned it around with an emphasis on romantic, suspenseful and
picaresque adventures. Under his editorship, the magazine's circulation rose by several tens of
thousands. (42)

The principal reason for the improvement in the fortunes of Amazing Stories was Palmer's knack
of spotting what his reading public wanted and giving it to them, in spite of criticism from many
of the 'hard' SF fans who later deserted him for John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction,
which published the technology-orientated fiction of people like Robert Heinlein, Isaac Asimov
and A.E. van Vogt. However, the success or failure of magazines depends very much on their
performance at the news-stands, and by that criterion Amazing was doing just fine. Palmer
noticed that his readers seemed fascinated by the idea of lost civilisations -not to mention the
paintings of nubile young women in skintight costumes that frequently graced the magazine's
covers. This sexual imagery, combined with cosmic mysticism, seemed to Palmer a potentially
lucrative mixture, and it did not escape his notice that Amazing always seemed to jump in
circulation whenever it featured a story about Atlantis or Lemuria. This led Palmer to wonder how
best he might capitalise on this curious interest among his readers. In late 1943, he found the
answer in the form of a strange letter from a man named Richard Shaver.

Born in Berwick, Pennsylvania in 1907, Richard Sharpe Shaver was very fond of playing pranks
on people, which earned him a somewhat dubious reputation. As a child, he had had two
imaginary companions, one good, the other evil, who became more real to him than the living
people around him. (43) After graduating from high school he worked for a meat packer and
then a tree surgeon before moving to Detroit and enrolling in the Wicker School of Art. In 1930,
Shaver joined a communist group called the John Reed Club (named after the American
correspondent who had reported on the Russian Revolution). (44) Like just about everyone else,
Shaver fell on hard times with the arrival of the Depression, but managed to eke out a living as a
part-time art instructor at the Wicker Art School, supplementing his meagre income by going to a
park and selling sketches of passers-by for 25 cents each.

In 1933, Shaver married a fellow art student named Sophie Gurivinch who had come originally
from Kiev in the Ukraine. They had a daughter the same year, and Shaver took a job as a welder
in Highland Park, Michigan. He continued in this job for about a year until he suffered heat
stroke, lost the power of speech and was admitted to the Ypsilanti State Hospital for two weeks.
In February 1934, Shaver's brother Tate, to whom he had been very close, died. His brother's
death affected Shaver very badly and he became increasingly depressed and paranoid, claiming
that people were following him. However, as Childress notes, (45) as a known communist,

Shaver may well have been genuinely under surveillance.

Shaver received another blow when his wife Sophie died in a mysterious accident in her
apartment (they were living separately at the time). While Shaver returned to his welding job,
their daughter went to live with Sophie's parents (who apparently told her that her father, too,
was dead). (46) For the next few years, Shaver travelled around North America, finding the odd
job here and there and marrying again. The marriage was short-lived, his wife leaving him when

she found papers indicating that he had been in a sanitarium. Shaver moved back to
Pennsylvania and married for a third time.

In 1936, he came across an article in Science World magazine. Entitled 'The True Basis of
Today's Alphabet' and written by a man named Albert F. Yeager, the article claimed that there
were six letters in our alphabet that represented concepts in addition to sounds. These six letters
could thus be used as a key to unlock the hidden meanings in words. In response to this article,
Shaver wrote to Science World, claiming that he understood the hidden concepts behind all the
letters of the alphabet. He called this conceptual language 'Mantong'.

After several years of work with the Mantong language, Shaver wrote the following letter to
Amazing Stones in September 1943:

Sirs:

Am sending this in hopes you will insert it in an issue to keep it from dying with me. It would
arouse a lot of discussion. Am sending you the language so that some time you can have it
looked at by someone in the college or a friend who is a student of antique times. The language
seems to me to be definite proof of the Atlantean legend.

A great number of our English words have come down intact as romantic - ro man tic - 'science
of man life patterning by control.' Trocadero - 1 ro see a dero -'good one see a bad one' - applied
now to theatre. This is perhaps the only copy of this language in existence and it represents my
work over a long period of years. It is an immensely important find, suggesting the god legends
have a base in some wiser race than modern man; but to understand it takes a good head as it
contains multi-thoughts like many puns on the same subject. It is too deep for ordinary man -
who thinks it is a mistake. A little study reveals ancient words in English occurring many times. It
should be saved and placed in wise hands. I can't, will you? It really has an immense
significance, and will perhaps put me right in your thoughts again if you will really understand
this.

I need a little encouragement.

• R.S. Shaver, Barto, Pennsylvania (47)

Enclosed with this letter was the Roman alphabet together with its associated Mantong concepts,
which Childress reprints in his excellent book Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth:

A - Animal (used AN for short)

B - Be (to exist - often command)

C - See

D - (also used DE) Disintegrant energy; Detrimental (most important symbol in language)

E - Energy (an all concept, including motion)

F - Fecund (use FE as in female - fecund man)

G - Generate (used GEN)

H - Human (some doubt on this one)

I - Self; Ego (same as our I)

J - (see G) (same as generate)

K - Kinetic (force of motion)

L - Life
M - Man

N - Child; Spore; Seed
0 - Orifice (a source concept)

P - Power

Q - Quest (as question)

R - (used as AR) Horror (symbol of dangerous quantity of dis force in the object)

S - (SIS) (an important symbol of the sun)

T - (used as TE) (the most important symbol; origin of the cross symbol) Integration; Force of
growth (the intake of T is cause of gravity; the force is T; tic meant science of growth; remains
as credit word)

U- You

V - Vital (used as VI) (the stuff Mesmer calls animal magnetism; sex appeal)

W - Will

X - Conflict (crossed force lines)

Y - Why

Z - Zero (a quantity of energy of T neutralized by an equal quantity of D) (48)

By applying these strange hidden meanings behind the letters of the alphabet, one can perceive
even stranger hidden meanings behind various words. Childress supplies a number of examples,
but we need only detain ourselves with a couple. The word BAD, for instance, can be interpreted
as 'Be a de', to be a destructive force. LADY is interpreted as 'Lay de', a complimentary term
meaning to allay depression. The reader will note that in both of these examples, the letter D
(DE) is used, meaning unpleasant, destructive and detrimental. The letters D and T were of great
importance to Shaver, as we shall see shortly.

At this point, it is worth noting a peculiar similarity between Shaver's strange interpretation of
the alphabet and the spurious power and significance perceived by Rudolf John Gorsleben, the
Edda Society and Karl-Maria Wiligut in the runes of Norse mythology (see Chapters One and Six).
In each case, a hidden history of humanity was to be discovered by careful examination of the
components of written language - with the aid, that is, of an overheated imagination. It must be
added, however, that in Shaver's case the result was harmless, if somewhat lurid entertainment;
while the historical and linguistic fantasising of the Edda Society and its members became one of
the motivators of racial hatred.

Shaver's letter landed on the desk of Amazing's, associate editor Howard Browne. Perhaps
unsurprisingly, he threw it into his waste basket as soon as he had finished reading it, dismissing
Shaver as a crackpot. (49) Palmer, however, was intrigued and decided to publish both the letter
and the accompanying alphabet in the December 1943 issue of Amazing Stones. Alongside
Shaver's material was a caption that read: 'We present this interesting letter concerning an
ancient language with no comment, except to say that we applied the letter-meaning to the
individual letters of many old root words and proper names and got an amazing "sense" out of
them. Perhaps if readers interested were to apply his formula to more of these root words, we
will [sic] be able to discover if the formula applies ...' (50)

Palmer proved more perspicacious than his colleague Howard Browne: the December issue
prompted hundreds of people to write in claiming that the Mantong alphabet really did release
the hidden meanings of words. Encouraged by this response, Palmer wrote to Shaver asking for
more information on the Mantong language and how his understanding of it had developed.
Shaver responded by sending a 10,000-word manuscript evocatively entitled 'A Warning to
Future Man'. Palmer felt that this was the circulation-booster he had been looking for: the article
detailed the hidden history of the Earth, complete with ancient spacefaring civilisations, lost
continents, sex, violence and high adventure. Shaver's writing style, however, was not as
impressive as his subject matter, and Palmer decided to rewrite 'A Warning to Future Man',
turning it into a 31,000-word story which he retitled 'I Remember Lemurial'and published in the
March 1945 issue of Amazing Stones. (51)

In this story and the many others that followed it (all of which were billed as true), Shaver
painted a terrifying picture of a world honeycombed with vast caverns and tunnel systems
containing enormous cities and advanced technology. Shaver's awareness of this world had

begun while he was a welder in Highland Park in 1932. He realised that one of the welding guns
was somehow allowing him to read the thoughts of his fellow workers in the factory. As if this
were not bizarre enough, he also began to pick up the thoughts of evil creatures living far
underground - creatures that apparently had the power to kidnap surface people and subject
them to unthinkable tortures in their secret underground caverns. 'The voices came from beings
I came to realize were not human; not normal modern men at all. They lived in great caves far
beneath the surface. These alien minds I listened to seemed to know that they had great power,
seemed conscious of the fact they were evil.' (52) This realisation proved too much for Shaver:
he quit his job and embarked on the aimless wanderings through North America mentioned
earlier. During this time he was tormented by invisible, deleterious rays projected at him by the
evil subterraneans. Eventually, however, he was contacted by a beautiful young woman named
Nydia who was a member of another subterranean group opposed to the evil ones. Needless to
say, they became lovers and with her help Shaver was able to gain entry into the underworld and
access the 'thought records' that contained the fantastic history of the Earth.

According to the thought records, the Sun was originally a huge planet whose coal beds were
ignited by a meteor strike, transforming it into a star. Since this star burned coal(l), it radiated
clean, positive energy. The Earth was then colonised by two spacefaring civilisations, the Titans
and the Atlans, who possessed marvellous technological devices 'such as the ben-ray, which
broadcast healing energies; the stim-ray, which prolonged and heightened sexual pleasure; the
telesolidograph, which could broadcast three-dimensional images; the penetray, used to observe
events from vast distances; and the telepathic augmenter or telaug, which transmitted thought.'
(53)

The Atlans and Titans called the Earth Lemuria, and lived in Utopian bliss until 20,000 years ago,
when the Sun's outer shell was destroyed and it entered its current phase, producing harmful
radiation, called d, de or dis. This disintegrant energy is the opposite of t or te, the integrative,
formative energy in Shaver's dualistic world view. Their immortality under threat, the Atlans and
Titans excavated gargantuan caverns and tunnels far below Lemuria/Earth's surface, in which
they built fantastically huge cities, the largest of which would dwarf New York or London. These
subterranean realms shielded the entire Titan and Atlan population, some 50 billion individuals.
However, the underground cities did not prove a permanent solution and 12,000 years ago
Lemuria/Earth was abandoned in favour of younger star systems. (54)

Many Lemurians had already fallen victim to the debilitating effects of the Sun's harmful radiation
and were forced to remain on Earth. Some of them moved to the surface (the reader will not be
surprised to learn that these were the ancestors of Homo sapiens), while the ones who remained
in the subterranean realms degenerated into a race of disfigured, idiotic and very malicious
beings known as the 'dero'. This word is a contraction of 'abandondero', and is based on the
Mantong words 'de' (meaning negative or destructive) and 'ro' (meaning subservient). Hence the
deros were, literally, controlled by negative forces. The group to which Shaver's exotic girlfriend
belonged are known as the 'tero', or integrative ro, 'te' denoting positive or constructive energy.
The tero, who somehow managed to avoid contamination by the Sun's radiation, are locked in a
constant struggle with their unpleasant cousins.

According to Shaver, the fiendish, sadistic and perverted dero kidnap thousands of hapless
surface-dwellers every year, and take them into their cavern cities where they are tortured,
sexually abused, used as slave labour or eaten. Although fundamentally stupid and brutal, the
dero nevertheless know how to use the fabulous machinery left behind by the Lemurians and are
able to spread evil and destruction throughout the world by means of dis rays. As Bruce Lanier
Wright wryly notes: 'If you doubt this, you may be suffering from brain damage. Vast numbers of
surface worlders - you, me, and most certainly Richard Shaver - have been slyly lobotomised by
rays projected from the caverns.' (55)

The response to 'I Remember Lemuria!' was astonishing. Not only did the March 1945 issue of
Amazing sell out but Palmer received a torrent of mail, numbering thousands of letters, many of

which were from people claiming to have had bizarre experiences with the denizens of the
fabulous subterranean world. One letter, from an ex-Air Force captain, read in part:

For heaven's sake drop the whole thing! You are playing with dynamite. My companion and I
fought our way out of a cave with submachine guns. I have two 9-inch scars on my left arm ...
[M]y friend has a hole the size of a dime in his right biceps. It was scarred inside. Flow we don't
know. But we both believe we know more about The Shaver Mystery than any other pair ...
[D]on't print our names. We are not cowards, but we are not crazy. (56)

While the above may or may not be true (Childress suggests that Palmer himself may have
fabricated it), there is no doubt that many thousands of people were deeply affected by 'the
Shaver Mystery', and wrote to Palmer to tell him so. Many had tales of encounters with strange
people who may have been deros, while others complained that they, too, were hearing bizarre
voices in their heads. Some even claimed to have visited the cavern-world itself.

By now, the phrase 'paranoid schizophrenia' will surely have suggested itself to the reader. To be
sure, Shaver's claims sound very much like he was suffering from this condition: the voices in the
head experienced in connection with a mechanical device (the welding gun) are classic
symptoms, as is the belief that unpleasant influences are being projected at the victim through
air ducts, pipes and so on. As Peebles notes, paranoid schizophrenics 'commonly believe a death
ray is causing health problems, destroying their brain, or causing them to hear voices'. (57) This
sounds remarkably like what the hapless Shaver was apparently going through, and yet it falls
far short of explaining why the number of letters to Amazing Stories jumped from 50 per month
before the Shaver Mystery to 2,500 per month during and after, virtually all of which maintained
that something sinister and terrifying really was going on beneath the Earth's surface.

Palmer himself was reluctant to commit himself on the veracity of Shaver's claims. While he
invariably supported Shaver, he also suggested that the dero caverns might not exist as physical
locations in this dimension, but rather on the astral plane. Flowever, Palmer did make the
perhaps inevitable claim that he himself had heard the voices of the cavern dwellers while visiting
Shaver and his last wife, Dorothy, at their Pennsylvania home. Palmer claimed that he heard five
disembodied voices discussing the dismemberment of a human being in a cavern four miles
below. For his part, Shaver maintained that the deros and teros did not live on some astral plane
but were solid, flesh-and-blood beings, and that the cavern world was a real place.

Despite its huge popularity with the readers of Amazing Stones, the Shaver Mystery prompted a
powerful backlash among diverse groups, including hard science fiction fans who objected to a
pornographic fantasy being marketed as truth (and who organised a campaign to boycott the
magazine) and various occult groups who criticised Palmer for releasing information that would
surely prove lethal to anyone inexperienced or foolish enough to attempt an exploration of the
caverns. At the end of 1948, the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, which published Amazing,
decided that enough was enough, and the Shaver Mystery was dropped from the magazine, in
spite of the fact that Shaver's 'revelations' had virtually doubled its readership and enabled it to
move from quarterly to monthly publication. (58)

Palmer would later claim that the Shaver Mystery had been suppressed by a publisher 'too
sedate' for material of this nature. Flowever, Wright notes that Palmer's relations with Ziff-Davis
had become rather strained, possibly as a result of his launching Fate magazine. (Palmer left
Amazing in 1949 to concentrate on his new publication.) (59) According to Jim Probst in his book
Shaver: The Early Years: 'The Queens Science Fiction League of New York passed a resolution
that the Shaver stories endangered the sanity of their readers, and brought the resolution before
the Society for the Suppression of Vice. A fan conference in Philadelphia was rocked by threats to
draw up a petition to the Post Office, asking that Amazing Stories be banned from the mail.' (60)

This was not the end of the Shaver Mystery, however; it would later inspire a number of people
to start their own publications. Richard Toronto published Shavertron between 1979 and 1985.
Subtitled 'The Only Source of Post-Deluge Shaverania', the magazine reported on the continuing

activities of the nefarious dero, such as the time they apparently interfered with Toronto's car
while it was parked on a steep hillside and he was standing in front of it (Toronto barely
managed to avoid being run over and killed). (61)

The Hollow Hassle was published by Mary Le Vesque between 1979 and 1983 and featured a
regular column by the Rev Charles A. Marcoux, a fascinating and colourful character who claimed
to have hunted the deros during his many cave explorations. In the August 1981 issue of The
Hollow Hassle he wrote (in typically muddled syntax): 'My experiences in the cavern world began
at a very young age with astral experiences in the caverns ever since my birth, and in other
worlds from other dimensions too. I joined R. A. Palmer and R. S. Shaver's group in January of
1945, and I am one of the few original members left. I still "SEARCH FOR THE PORTALS," and as
far as I know, am the only original member who does.' (62)

The Hollow Earth Insider ran for a few years in the early 1990s. Edited by Dennis Crenshaw, the
journal included reprinted material by Shaver, in addition to news clippings and conspiracy
theories, such as government (and dero) mind control. As Childress notes, the concept of mind
control was central to the Shaver Mystery and adds the intriguing speculation that Shaver himself
may well have been a victim. (We will take a closer look at the subject of mind control in the
next chapter.)

Palmer made a last effort to perpetuate the Shaver Mystery in the early 1960s with The Hidden
World, a trade paperback series that contained reprints of the original Shaver stories, together
with yet more tales from people claiming to have encountered and been victimised by the
fiendish deros. Unfortunately, The Hidden World was not particularly successful and publication
ceased in 1964. Shaver himself claimed to have discovered pictorial records of the Titans and
Atlans hidden within the rocks and stones of the Wisconsin prairies in the 1950s, and for the rest
of his life tried in vain to persuade various scientists that they constituted final proof of the reality
of the cavern world. He died of a heart attack in 1975. Palmer continued to publish journals,
although none even approached the success of Amazing Stories and Fate. He died in 1977.

Before we continue, we must pause to examine what Palmer and many others considered to be
the most impressive evidence for the Hollow Earth Theory, and which is still cited as proof that
we are indeed living on the surface of a hollow sphere. In view of the ease with which this
'evidence' can be dismissed (and has been by a number of the more responsible commentators
on this subject), it is surprising that so many writers still cling to it with such misguided tenacity.

In 1970, the Environmental Science Service Administration of the US Department of Commerce
made public a collection of photographs taken by their weather satellite ESSA-7 in November
1968. Several of these photographs contained, at first sight, an absolutely extraordinary image:
an enormous dark area where the Earth's North Pole should have been. When Palmer saw the
photographs, he had no hesitation in reproducing them in his magazine Flying Saucers, with an
accompanying article stating that here, at last, was the proof - and from an official source - that
there was indeed a gigantic opening at the North Pole, leading to the hollow interior of the
planet.

The true reason for the dark area in the photographs was nowhere near as romantic and exciting
as the Hollow Earthers would have their readers believe. The ESSA-7 photographs were actually
photomosaics containing many hundreds of elements, rather than single exposures. Due to the
satellite's orbital trajectory, the area at and immediately around the Pole had not been included
in these photomosaics - they had simply not been photographed, and thus showed up as dark
areas on the images. Unfortunately, this explanation has not dissuaded certain sensationalist
writers from citing the ESSA-7 pictures, even to this day, as conclusive proof that the Earth is
hollow. (63)

There is perhaps some truth in Peebles's assertion that the Shaver Mystery constituted, in effect,
a modern mythology that served a number of functions, including escapism from post-war reality
and the incipient threat of the Cold War; an answer to the question of why there was so much

evil and suffering in the world; and, of course, an exciting corollary to the perceived menace of
Communism: a new enemy whose very existence could be used to define the contrasting,
positive attributes of the American Way. Palmer himself was a clever manipulator (if that is not
too strong a word) of the public need both for escapism and for an explanation of the violence
and evil that seemed to characterise life on Earth (it was all the fault of the deros). This was
further illustrated by his reaction to the rise of the UFO mystery, which came to the world's
attention with Kenneth Arnold's sighting of nine crescent-shaped objects over Mount Rainier in
Washington State on 24 June 1947. Arnold's sighting was followed by a torrent of reports of
strange objects flitting through the skies. In the pages of Fate magazine, Palmer instantly
provided the answer to the puzzle: some of the UFOs were indeed alien spacecraft, but most
were vessels piloted by the denizens of the cavern world. (We will look much more closely at the
UFO mystery, which has become intimately connected to the idea of Nazi survival, in the next
chapter.) Whatever the underlying truth (if any) of the claims of Shaver, Palmer and others
about the strange and frightening drama constantly being played out beneath our feet, the
Shaver Mystery has come to define the Hollow Earth Theory in the twentieth century and now
occupies a central position in the complex network of rumours, speculations, crypto-historical
inferences, anomalous events and genuine government violations of public trust that constitutes
modern conspiracy theory.

Raymond Bernard and the 'Greatest Geographical Discovery in History'

Perhaps the most famous of all books published on the subject of the hollow Earth is entitled
(unsurprisingly) The Hollow Earth and is subtitled (unbelievably) 'The Greatest Geographical
Discovery in History'. Its author was yet another colourful and far from trustworthy personality
named Walter Siegmeister, although he also went under other names, for reasons that will
become clear.

Siegmeister was born in New York in 1901. His father's occupation as a doctor perhaps had
something to do with the boy's intense fascination with sexual reproduction and the male and
female reproductive anatomy (he was particularly interested in menstruation). (64) After
completing his education at Columbia University and New York University (he gained a bachelor's
degree from Columbia in 1924 and a master's degree and doctorate from NYU in 1930 and
1932), Siegmeister moved to Florida in 1933 where he published a newsletter entitled Diet and
Health, through which he promulgated his opinions on the benefits of raw food and a healthy
lifestyle.

[Insert plate pOl]

Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Reichsfuhrer-SS, chief of the German Police (The Trustees of the
Imperial War Museum, London)

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Madame Blavatsky, (1831-1891) founder of the Theosophical Society (Fortean Picture Library)

[Insert plate p03]

Thule Society emblem (David Hatcher Childress)

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Plastic swastika badges. Each depicts the use of the swastika in antiquity - a subject dear to
Himm;er's heart (Robin Lumsden)

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Runic symbols used by the SS. For a complete guide to runic symbols as used by the SS, see
Robin Lumsden's Flimmler's Black Order 1923-1945 (Sutton Publishing)

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Karl-Maria Wiligut-Weisthor in 1936 (Kreismuseum Wewelsburg)

[Insert plate p07]

Various views of the 'totenkopf or death's head ring, displaying runic symbols (Robin Lumsden)

[Insert plate p08]

This oak shield, carved with runic symbols, was typical of the wall decorations hung in
Wewelsberg castle (Robin Lumsden)

[Insert plate p09]

Hitler speaking in the Reichstag (The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London)

[Insert plate plO]

A Nazi rally, 1936 (The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London)

[Insert plate pll]

The Externsteine in the Teutoburger Wald near Paderborn, Germany - a place of mythological
significance in Aryan history (Karl Aarsleff/Fortean Picture Library)

[Insert plate pl2]

A pseudo-pagan solstice celebration 1937, sponsored by the SS and held in the Berlin Olympic
Stadium (Robin Lumsden)

[Insert plate pl3]

Hitler in 'blood banner' ceremony. A feature of Nazi rallies was the dedication of new standards.
This was always done by Hitler who held a corner of the banner in his hand and joined this with
the banner that was to be dedicated. He then shook hands with the senior officer of the escort,
in this case a Standarten-fuhrer of the S.A. (The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London)

[Insert plate pl4]

Edward G.E.L. Bulwer-Lytton (1803-1873), author of The Coming Race (Mary Evans Picture
Library)

[Insert plate pl5]

Pulp science fiction writer Richard Shaver's Hidden World series (Fortean Picture Library)

[Insert plate pl6]

Map of the mythical realms of Agharta and Shambala (SpiritWeb)

[Insert plate pl7]

German scientist Neupert's illustration of the 'hollow earth' 1935 (Mary Evans Picture Library)

[Insert plate pl8]

Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888-1957) flew Over the South Pole on 29 November 1929
with three companions and Igloo his pet terrier (Fortean Picture Library)

[Insert plate pl9]

Emblem of the Deutsche Antarktische Expedition 1938-9 (David Hatcher Childress)

[Insert plate p20]

Antarctic topography as surveyed by the Nazis (David Hatcher Childress)

[Insert plate p21]

Nazi Germany's wartime rocket chief Walter Dornberger seen here on the left with Werner von
Braun in 1944 (David Hatcher Childress)

[Insert plate p22]

Dornberger in 1954 after entering the United States under Project Paperclip. He went on to
emerge as senior executive of the Bell Aerosystems Division of Textron (David Hatcher Childress)

[Insert plate p23]

Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958), Austrian inventor of a number of 'flying discs' who supposedly
worked on a top secret project in Texas after the war. On his death bed he said over and over:
'They took everything from me. I don't even own myself.' (David Hatcher Childress)

[Insert plate p24]

Artist's impression of a Schriever flying disc (© Lee Krystek 1998)

[Insert plate p25]

Artist's impression of the Bellonzo Schriever-Miethe Disc (® James H. Nichols 1991)

After a disastrous business partnership with a confidence trickster named G.R. Clements, during
which they sold useless, waterlogged land to people wishing to grow crops, Siegmeister fled the
United States and the legal action with which he was threatened, and went to Equador in 1941.
There he met a friend, John Wierlo, who had moved from America the previous year, and
together they conceived the idea of creating a new Utopia and a 'super-race' somewhere in the
jungles in the east of the country. The 'Adam' of this scheme would be Wierlo (by all accounts an
impressive example of manhood); the 'Eve' would be a 24-year-old woman named Marian
Windish, a hermit who had apparently lived for two years in the Equadorian jungle. (65) The new
Utopia, however, was not to be: Wierlo later claimed that he had no intention of creating a
super-race, and it also transpired that Marian Windish was already married. Wierlo also accused

Siegmeister of faking an ability to walk on water by means of a series of supports just below the
surface. So outlandish were Siegmeister's claims of miraculous powers and meetings with
Tibetan masters on Equadorian mountains (many of which appeared in the American press) that
he was forbidden from using the US Mail Service and deported by the Equadorian Immigration
Department. (66)

Upon his return to the United States, Siegmeister, now using the name Dr Robert Raymond,
continued his promotion of a healthy diet by selling health foods and two books he had written,
entitled Are You Being Poisoned lay the Food You Eat? and Super-Flealth thru Organic Super-
Foods. Fie then began travelling again throughout South America, selling his books through mail
order, now under the name Dr Uriel Adriana, AB, MA, PhD. When his mother died in 1955,
leaving him a substantial amount of money, he moved to Brazil and bought a large plot of land
with the intention of continuing his efforts to create a super-race. In his 1955 book Escape From
Destruction, which he again wrote under the pseudonym Raymond Bernard, he warned of a
coming nuclear war, from which a few people would be saved by extraterrestrials who would
take them to Mars. (67)

While in Brazil, Siegmeister came across an odd book entitled From the Subterranean World to
the Sky by one 0. C. Fluguenin who seems to have held a high position in the Brazilian
Theosophical Society. In common with Shaver, Fluguenin claimed that the UFOs were the
handiwork of an ancient civilisation (Fluguenin claimed they were the Atlanteans) that had built
them 12,000 years ago, just before the destruction of their continent. Some Atlanteans escaped
the cataclysm by taking their craft through the Polar openings and re-establishing their fabulous
civilisation in the inner Earth. The reason UFOs were being seen by so many surface dwellers
was that the Atlanteans were concerned at humanity's use of nuclear energy (concerns that were
also attributed to the so-called 'Space Brothers' by the American contactees of the 1950s - see
Chapter Eight).

At this time, two Theosophist friends of Fluguenin, Commander Paulo Strauss and Professor
Flenrique de Souza, were also actively promoting in Brazil the idea of the hollow Earth: Strauss
by lecturing widely about a UFO base called Agharta, and de Souza by claiming that he was in
contact with the Atlanteans. (68) Siegmeister also claimed to have met an Atlantean woman
(who looked like an eighteen-year-old, but who was actually 70) at the Theosophical Society
Fleadquarters in Sao Lourenco. At one of these meetings, de Souza told Siegmeister that Brazil
contained a number of tunnels leading down to the inner Earth (Childress notes that one of the
tunnels was supposed to be in the Roncador Mountains of the Matto Grosso, the region in which
the famous explorer Colonel Percy Fawcett disappeared in 1925). (69) According to de Souza,
Fawcett was still alive and well in an Atlantean city, although he was prevented from leaving in
case the surface dwellers forced him to reveal its whereabouts. Although he claimed to have
made many trips into the Roncador Mountains, Siegmeister never found any of the tunnel
entrances.

When some friends in America sent him a copy of Ray Palmer's journal Flying Saucers, containing
articles about Rear Admiral Byrd's flights and the Flollow Earth Theory, Siegmeister went into
creative overdrive, writing Agharta, The Subterranean World and Flying Saucers from the Earth's
Interior. At this time, 1960, Siegmeister received a letter from one Ottmar Kaub, who was a
member of an organisation called UFO World Research based in St Louis, Missouri. Kaub was
writing on behalf of the organisation's leader, Dr George Mario, who claimed to have visited the
inner Earth on board a UFO, and who wished to live at Siegmeister's Brazilian colony. Dr Mario
claimed to know two beings called Sol-Mar and Zola, who lived in a city called Masars II,
underneath South Africa. Sol-Mar and Zola described the inner Earth as a paradise with a perfect
climate, giant fruits, beautiful birds with 30-foot wingspans, and where the people grew to over
12 feet tall. (70)

For the next few years, Mario tantalised Siegmeister with promises of a meeting with Sol-Mar and
Zola - meetings that were always unavoidably postponed for various reasons. Eventually,

Siegmeister realised that Mario was lying about his contacts with the Inner Earthers and decided
to continue his researches alone.

In 1964, he managed to find a New York publisher for his last book, The Hollow Earth, which
was largely a rewrite of Flying Saucers from the Earth's Interior and also borrowed heavily from
Reed, Gardner and Giannini. The book sold well, but unfortunately Siegmeister did not live to
enjoy its success: he died of pneumonia in 1965. Although The Hollow Earth contains a great
deal of material from earlier writers, it is distinguished by its lengthy treatment of the idea that
the governments of the world are well aware of the 'fact' that UFOs are spacecraft, and that they
come from the inner Earth (it was one of the first books to pay serious attention to this idea). In
addition, Siegmeister was one of the first writers to suggest that the US and Soviet Governments
were secret allies in the face of the potential threat posed by the Inner Earth civilisation, a claim
that has become an integral part of modern conspiracy theory. (71)

Siegmeister's greatest legacy, however, must be the identification of Brazil as the most
significant location in the mythology of the hollow Earth. Not only is that country a hot spot for
UFO activity and encounters with apparent 'aliens', it also contains possibly more subterranean
tunnel networks and entrances to the inner Earth than any other country. Before moving on, we
may cast a glance at some of the reports that have recently been coming out of Brazil concerning
some rather unusual discoveries. For instance, the Brazilian organisation Sociedade de Estudos
Extrater-restres (SOCEX) has spent the last few years investigating claims that an elaborate
tunnel network exists in the mountains of Santa Catarina and Parana States, particularly around
the town of Joinville about 190 miles south-west of Sao Paulo (which, oddly enough, was
Siegmeister's base of operations in Brazil). (72)

In another SOCEX report, two men entered a tunnel near the city of Ponta Grossa, 250 miles
south-west of Sao Paulo, in which they discovered a staircase leading further underground.
Descending the staircase, the men found themselves in a small underground city, where they
remained for five days with its 50 inhabitants. Many people have reported UFOs in the area, and
some say they have heard singing, the voices apparently coming from underground. (73)

While these stories may be taken with a large grain of salt (their protagonists are invariably
referred to by pseudonyms or just initials), the claim that Brazil, and indeed the rest of South
America, is an important centre of UFO activity and of the belief in powerful subterranean
civilisations is of considerable significance to the present study. In South America we find the
nexus of the ideas we shall be discussing in the last two chapters of this book: firstly, that by the
end of the Second World War the Nazis had begun to develop aircraft and weapons systems
radically in advance of anything in use elsewhere at the time; and secondly, that Nazism as a
potent political force did not cease to exist with the defeat of the Third Reich but continues in
one or more secret locations, still exerting a powerful influence on world events.

As with most aspects of what may broadly be termed 'the paranormal', the concepts of Nazi
occultism and genuine Nazi occult power (the former a verifiable historical fact, the latter an
unsafe extrapolation based on rumour and hearsay) have merged into one another to such a
degree that a clear line of dichotomy between the two has become virtually impossible to define.
This will become especially apparent as we conclude this chapter on the hollow Earth and
subterranean civilisations with a look at the tunnel system that is said to exist beneath South
America. While legends of tunnels beneath South America have existed ever since the Spanish
conquest of the continent, referring to the mysterious places where the Incas were said to have
hidden most of their gold, there is some evidence for their actual existence. Some modern
explorers even claim to have visited them.

Chief among these is David Hatcher Childress, who has written many books on the more
unorthodox aspects of archaeology and who offers an account of one such adventure he
undertook in his fascinating and informative study of the Shaver Mystery and the Hollow Earth
Theory, Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth. Childress describes how he followed a lead

provided in a letter sent to him by one of his South American readers, named Marli, who
described an opening leading to a tunnel system near the small mountain town of Sao Tome das
Lettres, north of Sao Paulo.

Childress travelled to the town with Marli, and in a local restaurant they listened, together with
about twenty others, to the owner as he told a strange story of a man-made tunnel extending far
into the earth. Marli translated the restaurant owner's Portugese:

'The Brazilian army went into the tunnel one time to find out where it ends. After travelling for
four days through the tunnel the team of Army explorers eventually came to a large room deep
underground. This room had four openings to four tunnels, each going in a different direction.
They had arrived in the room by one of the tunnels.

'They stayed in the room for some time, using it as their base, and attempted to explore each of
the other three tunnels, but after following each for some time, turned back to the large room.
Eventually they returned to the surface, here at Sao Tome das Lettres.

'... [T]here is a man here in town who claims to know the tunnel and claims that he has been
many weeks inside the tunnel. This man claims that the tunnel goes all the way to Peru, to
Machu Picchu in the Andes. This man claims that he went completely under South America,
across Brazil and to Machu Picchu.' (74)

The restaurant owner went on to tell how he himself had encountered a strange man near the
tunnel entrance one morning. The man was dressed in traditional Andean Indian clothes, and
was extremely tall, approximately seven feet. As soon as he saw the restaurant owner, the man
walked away without saying anything.

Childress goes on to report that the following morning he, Marli and a fellow explorer named Carl
Hart went to the tunnel entrance with the intention of exploring as far as they could. He
continues:

I was amazed at this ancient feat of engineering. We were descending down into the earth in a
wide, gradually sloping tunnel that was dug into a red, clay-type dirt. It was not the smooth,
laser-cut rock walls that Erich von Daniken had claimed to have seen in Equador in his book Gold
of the Gods, but it was just as incredible.

It wouldn't have taken some space-age device to make this tunnel, just simple tools; yet, it was
clearly a colossal undertaking. Why would anyone build such a tunnel? Was it an ancient mine
that went deep into the earth, searching for an elusive vein of gold or merely red clay for the
long-gone ceramic kilns? Was it an elaborate escape tunnel used in the horrific wars that were
said to have been fought in South America - and around the world - in the distant past? Or was it
some bizarre subterranean road that linked up with other tunnels in the Andes and ultimately
could be used to journey safely to such places as Machu Picchu, Cuzco or the Atacama Desert?
(75)

In the event, the answers to these questions evaded the small party: after an hour, they arrived
at a point where the floor dropped approximately one metre, and decided that this was a
convenient place to turn back, since the tunnel seemed to continue endlessly on, and they were
not equipped for a lengthy exploration. Although the group did not encounter any fabulous
wonders of the subterranean realm, the very existence of the tunnel proves that the legends
associated with South America have some basis in fact.

8 - The cloud Reich
Nazi Flying Discs

So far in this book we have looked at some extremely strange notions, many of which were held
by the Nazis themselves and many by certain writers who have, over the years, attempted to
prove that the Third Reich was ruled by men who were, quite literally, practitioners of Black
Magic. We now come to a subject that, at first sight, might seem somewhat out of place in our
survey, and yet the suggestion has been frequently made that the UFOs (unidentified flying
objects) first reported in the late 1940s were the products of experimental aircraft designs that
were developed towards the end of the Second World War. Most (if not all) serious historians
would throw up their hands in horror at the very mention of such a seemingly ludicrous idea,
particularly when one considers the associated claims that, since sightings of UFOs are still
reported today by thousands of people around the world, these radical aircraft designs must
have been captured, copied and further developed by the victorious powers; and, what is more,
that some UFOs may even be piloted by escaped Nazis operating out of one or more hidden
bases.

As will surely be apparent from the material we have examined so far, the Nazi occultist idea is
both bizarre and complicated, not least because it encompasses several additional fields of
arcane knowledge and speculation. We have already seen how the Nazi elite were fascinated by
the concepts of the Holy Grail and the Knights Templar, by Eastern mysticism and the Flollow
Earth theory, by odd cosmological concepts and the hidden legacies of fabulous, long-vanished
civilisations. In fact, the notion of the secret transmission of esoteric information through history
(as discussed in Chapter Three, concerning the story of the Knights Templar following their
suppression) can also be applied to the Nazis themselves and their awful legacy of racial hatred.
While many would think that this legacy is confined to the demented ravings of a few groups of
neo-fascists in Europe and America, there is some evidence to suggest that the truth may be far
more sinister and frightening.

This evidence, which has been gathered and presented over the years by investigators of the
UFO phenomenon, as well as by those with an interest in the more unusual German weapons
designs of the Second World War, points to the possibility that some extremely advanced aircraft
designs did actually reach the prototype stage in 1944 and 1945. Those researchers who have
uncovered this evidence, and whom we shall meet in this chapter, have also taken the logical
next step of suggesting that the Americans and Russians captured a number of designs at the
end of the war and continued their development throughout the post-war years. In addition, they
suggest that many leading Nazis (including, according to some accounts, Hitler himself) were
able to escape the ruins of the Third Reich and continue their nefarious plans for world
domination in the icy fastnesses of the Arctic and Antarctic.

Could there possibly be any truth to these incredible speculations? Could UFOs actually be man-
made air- and spacecraft? Could some of them belong to a hidden 'Fourth Reich' that represents
a cancer that was not, after all, cut from the body of humankind? To deal with these questions,
we must, once again, enter the curious realm of crypto-history, where the line between reality
and fantastic rumour becomes blurred and indistinct; in short, we must return to Pauwels's and
Bergier's 'Absolute Elsewhere'. In this realm, science and occultism meet, as do theories of vast
historical conspiracies and outrageous cosmological speculations. The claims about the survival
of the Nazis are connected to all these fields, and depend to a great extent on the use of highly
advanced technology and resources by secret forces.

The Mystery of the UFOs

Although human beings have been seeing strange things in the skies since the dawn of history,
the idea that some of them are actually technological devices (called by some 'X Devices',
although that term is now obsolete) is relatively recent. The first person to suggest that
mysterious objects and lights in the sky might be machines from another planet was probably the
great American anomalist Charles Fort (1874-1932); however, it was not until the late 1940s that

the idea began to gain a wider currency, following the famous sighting by pilot Kenneth Arnold
over the Cascade Mountains in Washington State on 24 June 1947.

The UFO mystery has never gone away, and has certainly never been explained to universal
satisfaction: indeed, it is now more deeply ingrained in the public consciousness than ever
before, and the 'flying saucer' can truthfully be described as one of the great cultural icons of the
twentieth century. While sceptics would argue that the reason for this is a mixture of wishful
thinking, the misidentification of mundane phenomena and out-and-out hoaxes, the truth of the
matter is more subtle and complex. It is certainly true that approximately 95 per cent of sightings
can be attributed to stars, planets, meteorites, satellites, aircraft and so on; yet there remains
the tantalising five per cent that cannot be explained so easily.

In order to illustrate this fact, we can look very briefly at one of the classic UFO sightings from
the early days of modern ufology. (Although there are many impressive sightings from the
1990s, they are still the subject of intense debate and I believe it is more prudent to choose a
sighting that has stood the test of time and is still regarded as almost certainly genuine.) At
about 7.45 on the evening of 11 May 1950, Mr and Mrs Paul Trent watched a large object fly
over their farm near McMinnville, Oregon, USA. Mrs Trent had been out feeding their rabbits
when she noticed the UFO. She called her husband, who was able to take two black-and-white
photographs of it. The photographs show a circular object with a flat undersurface and a
bevelled edge; extending from the upper surface of the object is a curious structure reminiscent
of a submarine conning tower, which is offset slightly from the vertical axis.

The bright, silvery object was tilted slightly as it moved across the sky in absolute silence, and
presently was lost to view. The Trents later said that they had felt a slight breeze from the
underside of the UFO. The Trents sought no publicity following their sighting (in fact, they waited
until they had used up the remainder of the camera's film before having the UFO photographs
developed!); they mentioned the incident to only a few friends. Flowever, news of the sighting
quickly spread to a reporter from the local McMinnville Telephone Register who visited the Trents
and found the photographic negatives under a writing desk where the Trent children had been
playing with them. (1) A week later, the photographs appeared in Life magazine and became
world-famous.

Seventeen years later, the McMinnville UFO sighting was investigated by William K. Hartmann
and was included in the famous (and, in the UFO community, widely despised) Condon Report
produced by the US Air Force-sponsored Colorado University Commission of Enquiry. The Condon
Report (named after the enquiry's leader, the respected physicist Dr Edward U. Condon) was
dismissive of the UFO phenomenon, which it considered to be of no interest to science. However,
the report contained a number of cases that it conceded were not amenable to any conventional
explanation. One of these cases was the McMinnville sighting. The photographs were submitted
to extremely rigorous scientific analysis, after which Hartmann concluded:

This is one of the few UFO reports in which all factors investigated, geometric, psychological, and
physical, appear to be consistent with the assertion that an extraordinary flying object, silvery,
metallic, disk-shaped, tens of meters in diameter, and evidently artificial, flew within sight of two
witnesses. It cannot be said that the evidence positively rules out a fabrication, although there
are some physical factors such as the accuracy of certain photometric measures of the original
negatives which argue against a fabrication. (2)

In the 50 or so years since the Trents had their strange encounter, the photographs have been
repeatedly subjected to more and more sophisticated analyses, and have passed every test. This
case is just one of a large number of sightings of highly unusual, apparently intelligently guided
objects, seen both in the skies and on the ground, that have been occurring for decades. There
are, of course, various theories to account for these sightings, aside from the sceptical notion
that all are, without exception, hoaxes, illusions or misidentifications of ordinary phenomena.

The most widely accepted theory is, of course, the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH), which holds
that genuine UFOs are spacecraft piloted by explorers from another planet. This theory has the
greatest currency in the United States. In Europe, more credence is given to an alternative
theory known as the Psycho-social Hypothesis, which suggests that encounters with UFOs and
'aliens' may be due to subtle and ill-understood processes occurring within the mind of the
percipient. Inspired by the Swiss psychoanalyst Carl G. Jung, who examined UFOs in his book
Flying Saucers A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Sky (1959), the psycho-sociologists see such
encounters as similar to waking dreams that fulfil an undefined psychic need. (To Jung, the
circular shape of the UFO suggested a psychic need for wholeness and unity, represented by the
mandala, a circular symbol identified by Jung as one of the archetypes residing in humanity's
collective unconscious.)

There are a number of secondary theories for UFOs, including the idea that they are time
machines from the future, that they are actually living beings indigenous to interplanetary space,
that they originate in other dimensions of existence and so on, all of which are beyond the scope
of this book. The idea that UFOs are man-made, and based on plans captured by the Allies in the
ruins of Nazi Germany at the end of the Second World War, has been put forward by a number
of writers and researchers. Outlandish as it may sound, it is actually well worth examining the
evidence for 'Nazi flying saucers'.

The Foo Fighters

Although it set the stage for the drama of modern ufology, Kenneth Arnold's 1947 sighting of
nine anomalous objects flitting between the peaks of the Cascade Mountains was not the first
twentieth-century UFO encounter. In the closing stages of the Second World War, Allied pilots on
night-time bombing raids over Europe frequently reported strange flying objects. These objects
were christened Too Fighters', after a catchphrase in the popular Smokey Stover comic strip.
'Where there's foo, there's fire.' ('Foo' was also a play on the French word feu, meaning fire.)

The aircrews suspected that the objects might be some kind of German secret weapon. On 2
January 1945, the New York Herald Tribune carried the following brief Associated Press release:

Now, it seems, the Nazis have thrown something new into the night skies over Germany. It is the
weird, mysterious Too fighter' balls which race alongside the wings of Beaufighters flying intruder
missions over Germany. Pilots have been encountering this eerie weapon for more than a month
in their night flights. No one apparently knows what this sky weapon is. The 'balls of fire' appear
suddenly and accompany the planes for miles. They seem to be radio-controlled from the
ground, so official intelligence reports reveal. (3)

In their book Man-Made UFOs (1994), Renato Vesco (a pioneer of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis) and
David Hatcher Childress cite the testimony of a former American flying officer who had worked
for the intelligence section of the Eighth Air Force towards the end of the war. Wishing to remain
anonymous, the officer said to the New York press:

'It is quite possible that the flying saucers are the latest development of a "psychological" anti-
aircraft weapon that the Germans had already used. During night missions over western
Germany I happened to see on several occasions shining discs or balls that followed our
formations. It was well known that the German night fighters had powerful headlights in their
noses or propeller hubs - lights that would suddenly catch the target, partly in order to give the
German pilots better aim but mostly in order to blind the enemy tail gunners in their turrets.

They caused frequent alarms and continual nervous tension among the crews, thereby lowering
their efficiency. During the last year of the war the Germans also sent up a number of radio-
controlled bright objects to interfere with the ignition systems of our engines or the operation of
the on-board radar. In all probability American scientists picked up this invention and are now
perfecting it so that it will be on a par with the new offensive and defensive air weapons.' (4)

Unfortunately, Vesco and Childress are not forthcoming with a detailed reference for this
statement.

The British UFO investigators Peter Plough and Jenny Randies make the interesting point that the
Second World War saw more people in the skies than any other prior period, and that it was
therefore no great surprise that UFOs should have been spotted in abundance. (5) Of course,
this statement carries the implication of a likely nonhuman origin of the objects, which advocates
of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis hotly dispute: for them, the large number of Foo Fighter sightings,
coupled with the obvious interest the objects showed in Allied aircraft, strongly implies that they
were built specifically to interact in some way with those aircraft.

As is so often the case with the UFO mystery, genuine sightings generated various rumours of
official interest in the phenomenon. For instance, there was, allegedly, a secret British
government investigation into the Foo Fighter reports called the Massey Project. 'However,' write
Hough and Randies, 'Air Chief Marshal Sir Victor Goddard - who was an outspoken believer in
alien craft during the 1950s -flatly denied this and said that Treasury approval for such a minor
exercise at a time when Britain was fighting for its survival would have been ludicrous.' (6)

Some encounters undoubtedly had mundane explanations. For example, during a bombing raid
on a factory at Schweinfurt, Germany on 14 October 1943, flight crews of the American 384 th
Squadron observed a large cluster of discs, which were silver in colour, one inch thick and about
three inches in diameter. They were floating gently down through the air directly in the path of
the American aircraft, and one pilot feared that his B-17 Flying Fortress would be destroyed on
contact with the objects. However, the bomber cut through the cluster of discs and continued on
its way undamaged. It is quite possible that encounters such as this were actually with 'chaff,
pieces of metal foil released by German Aphrodite balloons to confuse radar by returning false
images. (7)

Nevertheless, many aircrews reported events that were not so easy to explain, including the
harassment of their aircraft by small, glowing, disc-shaped and spherical objects that were highly
manoeuvrable. On 23 November 1944, Lieutenant Edward Schlueter of the 415 th US Night Fighter
Squadron was flying a heavy night fighter from his base at Dijon towards Mainz. Twenty miles
from Strasbourg, Lieutenant Fred Ringwald, an Air Force intelligence officer who was on the
mission as an observer, glanced out of the cockpit and noticed about ten glowing red balls flying
very fast in formation. Schlueter suggested that they might be stars, but this explanation was
proved wrong when the objects approached the plane.

Schlueter radioed the American ground radar station, informing them that they were being
chased by German night fighters, to which the station replied that nothing was showing on their
scope. Schlueter's radar observer, Lieutenant Donald J. Meiers, checked his own scope, but could
detect nothing unusual. Schlueter then decided to make for the objects at full throttle. The
response from the Foo Fighters was instantaneous: their fiery red glow rapidly dimmed, until
they were lost to sight. Less than two minutes later, however, they reappeared, although they
seemed to have lost interest in the American aircraft and glided off into the night towards
Germany. (8) Upon the objects' departure, the fighter's radar began to malfunction, forcing the
crew to abandon their mission.

In an encounter of 27 November 1944 over Speyer, pilots Henry Giblin and Walter Cleary
reported a large orange light flying at 250 mph about 1,500 feet above their fighter. The radar
station in the sector replied that there was nothing else there. Nevertheless, a subsequent
malfunction in the plane's radar system forced it to return to base. An official report was made -
the first of its kind - which resulted in many jokes at the pilots' expense. (9) After the 27
November encounter, pilots who saw the Foo Fighters decided not to include them in their flight
reports.

This self-imposed censorship was broken by two pilots named McFalls and Baker of the 415 th ,
who submitted a flight report on their mission of 22 December 1944. In part, the report reads:

At 0600, near Hagenau, at 10,000 feet altitude, two very bright lights climbed toward us from
the ground. They leveled off and stayed on the tail of our plane. They were huge bright orange
lights. They stayed there for two minutes. On my tail all the time. They were under perfect
control. Then they turned away from us, and the fire seemed to go out. (10)

The Foo Fighters were not only witnessed by air crews. Flough and Randies cite a report from a
former prisoner of war at the Fleydebreck camp in Upper Silesia, Poland.

At 3 p.m. on 22 January 1945 a number of men were being paraded by the Germans before
being marched away to evade the liberating Russian Army. A bomber appeared overhead, flying
at about 18,000 feet, and the men gazed in horror at what seemed to be fire pouring from its
rear end. Then they thought it might be a flare caught up in the slipstream of the aircraft. Finally,
they realised it was neither of these things: the object was a silvery ball hugging the bomber,
which was desperately trying to evade it. The foo fighter was still right on the tail of the aircraft
as both passed into the distance. (11)

On 1 January 1945, Howard W. Blakeslee, science editor of the Associated Press, claimed that
the mysterious Foo Fighters were nothing more than St Elmo's Fire, spontaneous lights produced
by an electrostatic discharge on the fuselages of the Allied aircraft. According to Blakeslee, this
explanation also accounted for the fact that the Foo Fighters did not show up on radar. The
pilots who actually encountered the objects were unimpressed with Blakeslee's solution: most of
them had been flying for a number of years, and knew St Elmo's Fire when they saw it. The Foo
Fighters were something entirely different: the light they produced went on and off at intervals
that seemed to be related to their speed; their shape was often clearly discernible as either
discoid or spherical; and they were frequently reported as spinning rapidly on their vertical axis.
(12) No Allied aircraft were ever brought down by Foo Fighters (which seemed more content to
pace them and interfere with their radar), and so it was considered likely that the objects were
dangerous German secret weapons, perhaps a radical development of V-weapon technology. The
V-ls were already causing carnage in London, and it was known that German scientists were
desperately trying to develop a ballistic missile that could hit America.

According to Vesco and Childress, several Foo Fighter stories were leaked in December 1944 to
the American Legion Magazine, which then published the personal opinions of several US
Intelligence officers that the Foo Fighters were radio-controlled radar-jamming devices sent up
by the Germans. (13) Vesco and Childress go on to cite the testimony of another (unnamed) B-
17 pilot who decided to intercept a Foo Fighter and succeeded in getting within a few hundred
yards of the shining sphere. He reported hearing 'a strange sound, like the "backwash of invisible
planes'". (14) The last reported encounter with Foo Fighters occurred in early May 1945, near the
eastern edge of the Pfalzerwald. A pilot, once again from the 415 th Squadron, saw five orange
balls of light flying in a 'V formation in the distance. (15)

Ghost Rockets Over Scandinavia

In the two years between the end of the Second World War and the Kenneth Arnold sighting,
strange unidentified aerial objects invaded the skies over Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark
(and were later reported as far afield as Morocco and India). Nicknamed 'Ghost Rockets' because
of their long, thin profile and occasional fiery exhaust, these objects were reported to perform
astonishing manoeuvres such as diving and climbing rapidly at enormous speeds. (16)

The British UFO investigator Timothy Good cites the following confidential Department of State
telegram from the American Embassy in Stockholm, dated 11 July 1946:

For some weeks there have been numerous reports of strange rocket-like missiles being seen in
Swedish and Finnish skies. During past few days reports of such objects being seen have greatly
increased. Member of Legation saw one Tuesday afternoon. One landed on beach near
Stockholm same afternoon without causing any damage and according to press fragments are
now being studied by military authorities. Local scientist on first inspection stated it contained

organic substance resembling carbide. Defense staff last night issued communique listing various
places where missiles had been observed and urging public report all mysterious sound and light
phenomena. Press this afternoon announces one such missile fell in Stockholm suburb 2:30 this
afternoon. Missile observed by member Legation made no sound and seemed to be falling rapidly
to earth when observed. No sound of explosion followed however.

Military Attache is investigating through Swedish channels and has been promised results
Swedish observations. Swedes profess ignorance as to origin, character or purpose of missiles
but state definitely they are not launched by Swedes. Eyewitness reports state missiles came in
from southerly direction proceeding to northwest. Six units Atlantic Fleet under Admiral Hewitt
arrived Stockholm this morning. If missiles are of Soviet origin as generally believed (some
reports say they are launched from Estonia), purpose might be political to intimidate Swedes in
connection with Soviet pressure on Sweden being built up in connection with current loan
negotiations or to offset supposed increase in our military pressure on Sweden resulting from the
naval visit and recent Bikini [atomic] tests or both. (17)

The suspicion voiced in this telegram that the Soviets might be responsible for the Ghost Rocket
sightings was natural enough, given that the Cold War was then just getting under way. Both the
Americans and Russians, of course, captured German weapons technology at the end of the war,
and it was assumed by many in authority that the Russians were experimenting with V-l and V-2
rocket designs. (Actually, a German V-2 rocket had already crashed in Sweden in the summer of
1944.) The fact that both the United States and the Soviet Union carried out extensive
experiments with captured Nazi technology will gain yet more significance as we examine the
claims of the Nazi-UFO proponents.

A number of British scientists were sent to Sweden to examine the Ghost Rocket reports, among
them Professor R. V. Jones, the then Director of Intelligence of Britain's Air Staff and scientific
advisor to Section IV of MI6. In Most Secret War, his account of his involvement with British
Scientific Intelligence between 1939 and 1949, Professor Jones writes of the fears that the
rockets were Russian:

The general interpretation ... was that [the Ghost Rockets] were long-range flying bombs being
flown by the Russians over Sweden as an act of intimidation. This interpretation was accepted by
officers in our own Air Technical Intelligence, who worked out the performance of the bombs
from the reported sightings in one of the incidents, where the object appeared to have dashed
about at random over the whole of southern Sweden at speeds up to 2,000 mph. What the
officers concerned failed to notice was that every observer, wherever he was, reported the object
as well to the east. By far the most likely explanation was that it was a meteor, perhaps as far
east as Finland, and the fantastic speeds that were reported were merely due to the fact that all
observers had seen it more or less simultaneously, but that they had varying errors in their
watches, so that any attempt to draw a track by linking up observations in a time sequence was
unsound. (18)

Professor Jones considered it extremely unlikely that the Ghost Rockets could be Russian missiles
based on German V-2 designs: he stated that the rockets seen over Scandinavia had more than
twice the range of the V-2, an increase in performance that was too great given the short time
since the capture of the German designs.

For myself, I simply asked two questions. First, what conceivable purpose could it serve the
Russians, if they indeed had a controllable flying bomb, to fly it in great numbers over Sweden,
without doing any more harm than to alert the West to the fact that they had such an impressive
weapon? My second question followed from the first: how had the Russians succeeded in making
a flying bomb of such fantastic reliability? The Germans had achieved no better than 90 per cent
reliability in their flying bomb trials of 1944, at very much shorter range. Even if the Russians had
achieved a reliability as high as 99 per cent over their much longer ranges, this still meant that
one per cent of all sorties should have resulted in a bomb crashing on Swedish territory. Since

there had been allegedly hundreds of sorties, there ought to be at least several crashed bombs
already in Sweden, and yet nobody had ever picked up a fragment. I therefore said that I would
not accept the theory that the apparitions were flying bombs from Russia until someone brought
a piece into my office. (19)

Professor Jones goes on to relate an amusing incident that followed his challenge. When a
substance that had allegedly fallen from a Ghost Rocket was collected and sent, via the Swedish
General Staff and the British Air Staff, to the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough,
the scientists who analysed the fragments claimed that over 98 per cent of their mass consisted
of an unknown element. Jones had already seen the samples, and had quickly concluded that
they were lumps of coke, 'four or five irregularly shaped solid lumps, none of which looked as if it
had ever been associated with a mechanical device'. (20) When he telephoned the head of
chemistry at the RAE, enquiring whether they had thought to test for carbon, the chemist literally
gasped. 'No one had stopped to look at the material, in an effort to get the analysis made
quickly, and they had failed to test for carbon. The other lumps had similarly innocent
explanations.' (21)

Nevertheless, some Ghost Rocket sightings remained puzzling. One of the objects was
photographed near Stockholm by a Swede named Erik Reuterswaerd. When the Swedish
authorities examined the photograph, they concluded that the object's trail was not issuing from
its rear but was actually enveloping it. The London Daily Telegraph, which published the
photograph on 6 September 1946, opined that a new method of propulsion was being tested.
( 22 ) '

For their part, the Swedish Government concluded in October 1946 that, of the 1,000 reports of
Ghost Rockets they had received, 80 per cent could be attributed to 'celestial phenomena'; the
remaining 20 per cent, they stated, could not be either natural phenomena or the products of
imagination. (23)

Radical Aircraft Designs: Feuerbaii and Kuget blitz

The conventional view of history is that, while the Germans possessed some remarkable and
deadly weapons such as the V4, the V- 2 and the jet-engined Messerschmitt ME-262 fighter, their
technological innovations did not extend much further than that. Indeed, serious historians treat
claims of fantastic advances in Nazi technology with the utmost disdain. (We have already
quoted Professor Jones's assertion that the Nazi flying bomb trials of 1944 were only 90 per cent
reliable.) Nevertheless, we must ask the question: are they right to do so? Having looked briefly
at the mystery of the Foo Fighters, Ghost Rockets and UFOs, which many professional scientists
admit (however reluctantly and anonymously) constitute a puzzle worthy of serious investigation,
we must now examine the claims of some UFO researchers that the wonderful devices seen so
frequently flitting through the skies are actually machines based on Nazi designs for ultra-high-
performance disc-shaped craft, capable of travelling not only through our atmosphere but also in
outer space. The reader who baulks at this idea may well be further outraged by the claims
made by some that the Nazis themselves succeeded in building prototypes of these machines.
However, since we are already deep within the Absolute Elsewhere, we must press on through
that weird realm, bearing in mind Pauwels's and Bergier's perceptive assertion that 'the historian
maybe reasonable, but history is not'.

As we have already noted, Renato Vesco is a pioneer of the Nazi-UFO theory. A graduate of the
University of Rome, he studied aeronautical engineering at the German Institute for Aerial
Development and during the war was sent to work at Fiat's underground installation at Lake
Garda in northern Italy. In the 1960s, Vesco investigated UFO sightings for the Italian Air
Ministry. (24) In 1971, he published the seminal work on the theory of man-made flying saucers;
entitled Intercettateh Senza Sparare (roughly translated as 'Intercept Without Firing'), the book
examines in great detail the possible technology behind the UFOs and reaches the astonishing
and highly controversial conclusion that UFO technology (seen in terms of the perceived flight

characteristics of the objects) is well within the capabilities of human science - and was so even
during the Second World War. Indeed, Vesco is quite certain that the origin of the UFOs still seen
today by witnesses all over the world can be placed firmly in Nazi Germany in the early 1940s. In
addition, the technological principles behind these craft were, he believes, divided between the
United States and the Soviet Union at the end of the war, with both superpowers going on to
develop and refine the designs for their own ends.

According to Vesco, Luftwaffe scientists in Oberammergau, Bavaria conducted extensive research
into an electrical device capable of interfering with an aircraft engine up to a distance of about
100 feet. Through the generation of intense electromagnetic fields, this device could short-circuit
the target aircraft's ignition system, causing total loss of power. This short range, however, was
considered impractical for a successful weapon, so they attempted to increase it to 300 feet.
These plans were still only on the drawing board by the end of the war, so the weapon was
never put into production. Nevertheless, these researches yielded a by-product that was put to
use by Albert Speer and the SS Technical General Staff. They produced a device capable of
'proximity radio interference' on the delicate radar systems of American night-fighters. (25)

Thus a highly original flying machine was born; it was circular and armored, more or less
resembling the shell • of a tortoise, and was powered by a special turbojet engine, also flat and
circular, whose principles of operation recalled the well-known aeolipile of Hero, which generated
a great halo of luminous flames. Hence it was named Feuerball (Fireball). It was unarmed and
pilotless. Radio-controlled at the moment of take-off, it then automatically followed enemy
aircraft, attracted by their exhaust flames, and approached close enough without collision to
wreck their radar gear. (26)

The fiery halo around the craft's perimeter was generated by a combination of the rich fuel
mixture and chemical additives causing the ionisation of the atmosphere around the Feuerball. As
it approached the target aircraft, this ionisation would produce powerful electrostatic and
electromagnetic fields that would interfere with its H2S radar. 'Since a metal arc carrying an
oscillating current of the proper frequency -equal, that is, to the frequency used by the radar
station - can cancel the blips (return signals from the target), the Feuerball was almost
undetectable by the most powerful American radar of the time, despite its night-time visibility.'
(27)

Vesco goes on to state that this night-time visibility had an additional advantage for the
Feuerball: in the absence of daylight, the halo produced by the engine gave the impression of an
enormous size, which had the effect of unnerving Allied pilots even more. As the Feuerballe
approached, the pilots refrained from firing on them for fear of being caught in a gigantic
explosion. (28) In fact, the devices did carry an explosive charge that would destroy them in the
event of capture, in addition to an ingenious feature that would ensure a quick escape in the
event of an attack by Allied aircraft. Underneath its armoured outer shell, each Feuerball
contained a thin sheet of electrically insulated aluminium. Should a bullet pierce the armour,
contact would be made between it and the aluminium sheet, thus closing a circuit, activating a
vertical maximum acceleration device and taking the craft out of weapons range in a matter of
seconds. (29)

The Feuerballe were constructed at the Henschel-Rax aeronautical establishment at Wiener
Neustadt. According to one (unnamed) witness who saw them being test-flown, in daylight the
craft looked like shining discs spinning on their vertical axes, and at night like huge burning
globes. Hermann Goering inspected the progress of the Feuerball project on a number of
occasions, hoping that the mechanical principles could be applied to a much larger offensive
saucer-shaped aircraft. His hopes were to be quickly realised.

Vesco calls the Kugelblitz (Ball Lightning) automatic fighter 'the second authentic antecedent
[after the Feuerball] of the present-day flying saucers', and the first example of the 'jet-lift'
aircraft. (30) In 1952, a former Luftwaffe engineer named Rudolph Schriever gave a series of

interviews to the West German press in which he claimed to have designed an aircraft strikingly
similar to Vesco's Kugelblitz. Schriever had been an engineer and test pilot for the Heinkel factory
in Eger. In 1941, he began to toy with the idea of an aircraft that could take off vertically, thus
eliminating the need for runways, which were vulnerable to enemy bombing.

By June the following year, he had built and test-flown a working model of his design, and work
immediately began on a full-size fifteen-foot version. In mid-1944, Schriever was transferred to
the BMW plant near Prague, Czechoslovakia, where he was joined by an engineer from the
rocket site at Peenemunde named Walter Miethe, another engineer named Klaus Habermohl and
an Italian physicist from the aeronautical complex at Riva del Garda, Dr Giuseppe Belluzzo.
Together, they built an even larger, piloted version of the disc, featuring a domed pilot's cabin
sitting at the centre of a circular set of multiple wings driven by a turbine engine mounted on the
disc's vertical axis.

The German disc programme went under the title 'Project Saucer' (which W. A. Harbinson also
took as the title for his excellent five-novel series inspired by the Nazi-UFO theory). According to
the military historian Major Rudolph Lusar, Schriever's disc consisted of 'a wide-surface ring
which rotated around a fixed, cupola-shaped cockpit'. The ring contained 'adjustable wing-discs
which could be brought into appropriate position for the take-off or horizontal flight'. (31) The
Model 3 flying disc had a diameter of 138 feet and a height of 105 feet.

According to Schriever, the finished disc was ready for test-flying early in 1944, but was
destroyed by its builders to prevent it from falling into the hands of the advancing Allies.

Schriever and his colleagues fled as the BMW plant was taken by Czechoslovakian patriots. In
spite of Schriever's claim, Renato Vesco states that a highly advanced supersonic disc-shaped
aircraft called the Kugelblitz was indeed test-flown near the Nordhausen underground rocket
complex in February 1945. (32) Also known as the V-7, this machine was said to have climbed to
a height of 37,600 feet in just three minutes, and reached a speed of 1,218 mph. This craft and
the technicians who built it were apparently seized by the Russians and taken to Siberia, where
the disc project continued under Soviet control.

While Vesco concedes that the hard evidence for a German flying-disc programme is 'very
tenuous', he notes that 'the senior official of a 1945 British technical mission revealed that he
had discovered German plans for "entirely new and deadly developments in air warfare"'. Vesco
continues:

These plans must obviously have gone beyond normal jet aircraft designs, as both sides already
had jet-powered aircraft in production and operational service by the end of the war. Moreover,
before Rudolf Schriever died some fifteen years after the war he had become convinced that the
large numbers of post-war UFO sightings were evidence that his designs had been built and
developed. (33)

On 2 May 1980, another man claimed to the German press that he had worked on Project
Saucer. Heinrich FleiBner, then 76 years old, told Neue Presse magazine that he had been a
technical consultant on a jet-propelled, disc-shaped aircraft that had been built at Peenemunde
from parts manufactured in a number of other locations. FleiBner also claimed that Goering had
been the patron of the project and planned to use the disc as a courier plane, but that the
Wehrmacht had destroyed most of the plans in the face of the Allied advance. (34) Nevertheless,
some material did reach both America and Russia. According to Flarbinson, 'The notes and
drawings for FleiBner's flying saucer, first registered in West Germany on 27 March 1954, were
assigned to Trans-Oceanic, Los Angeles, California on 28 March the following year and registered
with the United States Patent Office on 7 June I960.' (35)

According to Vesco, the Austrian inventor Viktor Schauberger, after being kidnapped by the
Nazis, designed a number of disc-shaped aircraft for the Third Reich between 1938 and 1945.

The saucers were powered by what Schauberger called 'liquid vortex propulsion': 'If water or air
is rotated into a twisting form of oscillation known as "colloidal",' he said, 'a build-up of energy

results, which, with immense power, can cause levitation.' (36) Whether this bizarre form of
propulsion is workable is, of course, open to debate. Once again, however, the Americans seem
to have taken many of Schauberger's documents at the end of the war, with the Russians taking
what was left and blowing up his apartment when they had finished. Schauberger supposedly
went to America in the 1950s to work on a top secret project in Texas for the US Government,
although this unspecified project was apparently not particularly successful. Schauberger died in
1958, reportedly saying on his deathbed: 'They took everything from me. Everything. I don't
even own myself.' (37) There is no doubt that radical aeroform designs were being tested at this
time. For example, the Messerschmitt 163A was powered by a liquid-fuel Walter rocket, and was
given its first powered flight in August 1941. It achieved speeds of over 600 mph, nearly twice as
fast as the average speed of a fighter aircraft at that time. A second version, the Me 163B, was
built with a more powerful motor. The design was not perfected, however, until mid-1944, when
approximately 370 were built and deployed throughout Germany in a last-ditch attempt to thwart
the Allied forces. The RAF and USAAF air crews who encountered them commented in their
reports on how fast and dangerous these craft were: on many occasions, the Me 163s were so
fast that the Allied air gunners had no chance to deal with them. However, the Me 163 could only
remain in a combat situation for 25 minutes, for most of which time it was unpowered, and their
relatively small number prevented them from having much success against the Allied advance.
(38)

Hans Kammler

If the Germans did succeed in producing a piloted flying disc, what became of it? As several
researchers have noted, the answer may lie with SS Obergruppenfuhrer Dr Hans Kammler, who
towards the end of the war had access to all areas of secret air-armaments projects. Kammler
worked on the V-2 rocket project, along with Wernher von Braun (who would later head NASA's
Apollo Moon programme) and Luftwaffe Major General Walter Dornberger (who would later
become vice-president of the Bell Aircraft Company in the United States). (39)

Heinrich Himmler planned to separate the SS from Nazi Party and state control through the
establishment of a number of business and industrial fronts, making it independent of the state
budget. Hitler approved this proposal early in 1944. (As Jim Marrs notes, this strategy would
subsequently be copied by the CIA in America.) (40)

By the end of the war, Hans Kammler had decided to use V-2 rocket technology and scientists as
bargaining chips with the Allies. On 2 April 1945, 500 technicians and engineers were placed on a
train along with 100 SS troops and sent to a secret Alpine location in Bavaria. Two days later,
von Braun requested permission from Kammler to resume rocket research, to which Kammler
replied that he was about to disappear for an indefinite length of time. This was the last anyone
saw of Hans Kammler. (41) In view of the undoubted advantage he held when it came to
negotiating for his life with the Allies, Kammler's disappearance is something of a puzzle, until we
pause to consider the possibility that he possessed plans for a technology even more advanced
than the V-2. 'Did the Reich, or an extension of it, have the capability to produce a UFO or the
clout to deal from a position of strength with one of the Allied nations?' (42) Although it is
assumed that Kammler committed suicide when about to be apprehended by the Czech
resistance in Prague, there is no proof of this. What really happened to Kammler? In the final
chapter, we will examine the theory that he, along with many other high-ranking Nazis, survived
the end of the war and escaped to an unlikely location.

The Avrocar

The opinion of orthodox history is that, while many highly advanced weapons designs were on
the drawing board, with some actually being put into limited production in the final months of the
war, nothing with the design or performance characteristics of flying saucers was ever built in
Nazi Germany. And yet, in 1953, only eight years after the end of the war, the Canadian Toronto

Star announced that a flying saucer was being developed by the A. V. Roe company (AVRO-
Canada) at its facilities near Malton, Ontario. According to the report, apparently leaked by a
well-informed source within the company, the machine would have a top speed of 1,500 mph.

This understandably provoked a sudden and intense interest in the subject from other members
of the press, who asked for clarification from the Canadian Government. A statement was
released, declaring: 'The Defense authorities are examining all ideas, even revolutionary ones,
that have been suggested for the development of new types of supersonic aircraft, also including
flying discs. This, however, is still in the beginning phase of research and it will be a number of
months before we are able to reach anything positive and seven or more years before we come
to actual production.' (43)

On 16 February 1953, C.D. Flowe, the Minister of Defense Production, told the Canadian Flouse
of Commons that the government was studying new fighter-aircraft concepts 'adding weight to
reports that AVRO is even now working on a mock-up model of a "flying saucer" capable of flying
1500 miles per hour and climbing straight up in the air'. (44) Less than two weeks later, on 27
February, the AVRO President, Crawford Gordon, Jr., wrote in the company's journal: 'One of our
projects can be said to be quite revolutionary in concept and appearance. The prototype being
built is so revolutionary that when it flies all other types of supersonic aircraft will become
obsolescent. This is all that AVRO-Canada are going to say about this project.' (45)

This statement was followed by two months of silence, after which press interest was fired to an
even greater degree by another revelation in the Toronto Star of 21 April:

Field Marshal Montgomery ... became one of a handful of people ever to see AVRO's mock-up of
a 'flying saucer/ reputed to be capable of flying 1500 miles an hour. A guide who accompanied
Montgomery quoted him as describing it as 'fantastic.' ... Security precautions surrounding this
super-secret are so tight that two of Montgomery's escorts from Scotland Yard were barred from
the forbidden, screened-off area of the AVRO plant. (46)

On 24 April, the Toronto Star added that the flying disc was constructed of metal, wood and
plastics, and referred to it as a gyroscopic fighter, with a revolving gas turbine engine. Little
more was written in the Canadian press until 1 November, when a brief report appeared stating:
'A mock-up of the Canadian flying saucer, the highly secret aircraft in whose existence few
believe, was yesterday shown to a group of twenty-five American experts, including military
officers and scientists.' (47) This $200 million-dollar prototype was also known as the AVRO
Omega, probably because its shape was more like the Greek letter than a perfect circle.

The press claimed that the Canadian Government planned to deploy squadrons of flying saucers
for the defence of the far north of the country, their VTOL (vertical take-off and landing)
capabilities making them ideal for forested and snow-covered terrain. Once again, however,
there followed a period of official and press silence on the matter, broken only by the revelation
that the project's principal designer was the aeronautical engineer J. C. M. Frost, and persistent
rumours that the US military had become involved. Vesco quotes an unnamed press source, who
stated enthusiastically:

This is a ship that will be able to take off vertically, to hover in mid-air and to move at a speed of
about 1850 mph. That is, it would be capable of performing all the maneuvers that flying discs
are said to be capable of. This astonishing craft is the brain child of the English aeronautical
engineer John Frost, who worked for the large de Havilland factory in England during the war
and who later went on to A. V. Roe, in Malton, Canada. The aircraft that will be built for the U.S.
Air Force is not, however, the first of this type that Frost has designed. Two years ago he had
designed and submitted to American experts an aircraft which was called the Flying Manta
because of its behavior on take-off. It more or less resembled the present disc, but it could not
take off vertically. In addition, its top speed did not exceed 1430 mph. The Manta had interested
the American General Staff, but in view of these operating deficiencies, it was decided not to
build it. (48)

These high hopes for US-Canadian flying discs were dashed when, on 3 December 1954, the
Canadian Defense Ministry suddenly announced that the project was to be abandoned on the
grounds that the technology required to make it work was too expensive and speculative.

Nearly a year later, however, on 25 October 1955, US Air Force Secretary Donald Quarles made
an intriguing statement through the Department of Defense press office.

We are now entering a period of aviation technology in which aircraft of unusual configuration
and flight characteristics will begin to appear ... The Air Force will fly the first jet-powered
vertical-rising airplane in a matter of days. We have another project under contract with AVRO
Ltd., of Canada, which could result in disc-shaped aircraft somewhat similar to the popular
concept of a flying saucer ... While some of these may take novel forms, such as the AVRO
project, they are direct-line descendants of conventional aircraft and should not be regarded as
supra-natural or mysterious ... Vertical-rising aircraft capable of transition to supersonic
horizontal flight will be a new phenomenon in our skies, and under certain conditions could give
the illusion of the so-called flying saucer. The Department of Defense will make every effort
within the bounds of security to keep the public informed of these developments so they can be
recognized for what they are ... I think we must recognize that other countries also have the
capability of developing vertical-rising aircraft, perhaps of unconventional shapes. However, we
are satisfied at this time that none of the sightings of so-called 'flying saucers' reported in this
country were in fact aircraft of foreign origin. (49)

Quarles's surprising statement notwithstanding, the AVRO company was in fact going through
something of a bad patch following the cancellation by the Canadian Government of the contract
for the CF-105 Arrow heavy bomber, on the pretext of the diminished air threat from Russia
which had only a limited number of intercontinental bombers. This decision resulted in 10,000
people being laid off, most of them specialists working on the saucer project, renamed the
AVRO-Car.

It was not until August 1960 that American authorities decided to allow the press to see the
prototype of the AVRO-Car. Its performance was less than impressive: it managed to do little
more than hover a few feet above the ground, prompting an official statement that 'even for this
type of VTOL plane ... the principal problem is low-speed stability. Tests with a full-scale model
have been made at the large forty-by-eighty-foot wind tunnel at the Ames Research Center,
belonging to NASA, but they were not completely successful. It became clear, however, that the
various problems inherent in a circular aircraft of this type are not insurmountable.' (50)

Just over a year later, it was announced that the US Department of Defense would be
withdrawing from the AVRO-Car project, on the grounds that it was unlikely that the design could
ever be made to work successfully.

The lamentable story of the AVRO-Car (and its illustration of the problems besetting disc-shaped
aircraft) has done nothing to dissuade Nazi-UFO proponents from maintaining that their basic
thesis is correct. However, British ufologist Timothy Good quotes a CIA memorandum from W. E.
Lexow, Chief of the Applied Science Division, Office of Scientific Intelligence, dated 19 October
1955, which may lend weight to this idea. According to the memorandum, John Frost, the
designer of the AVRO-Car, 'is reported to have obtained his original idea for the flying machine
from a group of Germans just after World War II. The Soviets may also have obtained
information from this German group'. (51)

The Problem of the UFO Occupants

Any theory of the origin of UFOs must, of course, take into account all the available evidence,
and this includes reported encounters with and descriptions of UFO occupants. Having looked at
the idea that UFOs are man-made aircraft inspired by designs developed by Nazi scientists in the
Second World War, we now find ourselves confronting material that would, at first sight, be
sufficient to make the Nazi-UFO theory completely untenable. For as soon as the UFO lands and

opens its hatches, we meet a variety of creatures that are anything but human. (To be sure,
some UFO occupants are described as being completely human-looking but they seem to be very
much in the minority.) This has naturally led the majority of UFO researchers and investigators to
conclude that UFOs are extraterrestrial devices. Before dealing with this problem, let us illustrate
it by examining briefly some of these alleged contacts with UFO occupants.

Over the decades since the modern era of ufology began with the Arnold sighting in 1947, people
all over the world have claimed to have encountered an astonishing variety of creatures linked
with UFOs on the ground. In the 1950s and 1960s these people were known as 'contactees' and,
according to their testimony, humanity had nothing whatsoever to fear from the ufonauts. They
were almost invariably described as being tall and strikingly attractive, with long, sandy-coloured
hair and blue eyes, a description which resulted in their being classified as 'Nordic' aliens. (In the
present context, this description has obvious and sinister connotations but, as we shall see, is
almost certainly coincidental.)

The most famous of the 1950s contactees was George Adamski who, on 20 November 1952,
encountered a man claiming to come from Venus. Adamski, a self-styled philosopher and mystic,
was running a hamburger stand a few miles from the Mount Palomar Observatory in California
when he had his encounter. Fie was having lunch with several friends near Desert Center when
they allegedly saw a gigantic cigar-shaped object in the sky. Telling his friends to remain behind,
Adamski drove into the desert, where he witnessed the landing of a disc-shaped 'scout craft'.
When the ship's single occupant appeared, Adamski was able to communicate with him through
a combination of hand signals and telepathy and learned that the Venusians (together with other
intelligent races throughout the Solar System) were deeply concerned at humanity's misuse of
nuclear energy (a theme that would be repeated again and again by the contactees).

In common with the other contactees, Adamski's claims suffered from egregious scientific
inaccuracies, not least of which was the utter inability of all the other planets in the Solar System
to support intelligent humanoid life. In Adamski's case, this difficulty was somewhat compounded
by a comment he made to two followers regarding Prohibition. During this period, he had
secured a special licence from the government to make wine for religious purposes (he had
founded a monastery in Laguna Beach), with the result that he claimed to have made 'enough
wine for all of Southern California'. If it had not been for the repeal of Prohibition, he told his
friends, 'I wouldn't have had to get into this saucer crap'. (52)

The contactee claims of the 1950s are rightly regarded as extremely dubious by most ufologists;
however, in the decades since there have been a number of contact claims that demand more
serious attention. Before proceeding, it is necessary for us to look briefly at some of the most
impressive reports, since they form the backdrop to an increasingly popular conspiracy theory
regarding Nazi activities in the post-war period.

When we examine reports of encounters with UFO occupants (particularly since the early 1960s),
we see that the defining characteristic reveals itself to be what has come to be known as
'abduction', in which witnesses are taken from their normal environment against their will and
are forced to interact in various ways with apparently non-human entities.

One of the most famous abduction cases occurred on 11 October 1973 on the shores of the
Pascagoula River in Mississippi, USA. Charlie Hickson, 45, and Calvin Parker, 18, were fishing in
the river when they witnessed the approach of a UFO. The following day, the United Press
International news service carried the following report:

PASCAGOULA, Miss. Two shipyard workers who claimed they were hauled aboard a UFO and
examined by silver-skinned creatures with big eyes and pointed ears were checked today at a
military hospital and found to be free of radiation.

... Jackson County chief deputy Barney Mathis said the men told him they were fishing from an
old pier on the west bank of the Pascagoula River about 7p.m. Thursday when they noticed a
strange craft about two miles away emitting a bluish haze.

They said it moved closer and then appeared to hover about three or four feet above the water,
then 'three whatever-they-weres came out, either floating or walking, and carried us into the
ship,' officers quoted Hickson as saying.

'The things had big eyes. They kept us about twenty minutes, photographed us, and then took
us back to the pier. The only sound they made was a buzzing-humming sound. They left in a
flash.'

'These are reliable people,' Sheriff Diamond said. 'They had no reason to say this if it had not
been true. I know something did happen to them.'

The sheriff said the 'spacecraft' was described as fish-shaped, about ten feet long with an eight-
foot ceiling. The occupants were said to have pale silvery skin, no hair, long pointed ears and
noses, with an opening for a mouth and hands 'like crab claws.'

Inside the UFO, the two men were placed on a table and examined with a device that resembled
a huge eye. They were later interviewed by Dr J. Allen Hynek, the astronomer whose work as a
consultant for the US Air Force's UFO investigation project, Blue Book, turned him from sceptic to
cautious advocate of UFO reality. Hynek concluded that Hickson and Parker were in a state of
genuine fright. Dr James A. Harder, a consultant for the Aerial Phenomena Research
Organization (APRO) who also investigated the case, described the UFO occupants as 'automata',
or 'advanced robots', judging from the witnesses' descriptions.

Many people who are sceptical of UFO and alien abductions state, quite reasonably, that an
advanced spacefaring civilisation would not need to conduct the highly intrusive and traumatic
experiments on human beings that their representatives are reported to conduct. The repeated
taking of samples of blood, flesh, sperm and ova from unwilling subjects implies a curiously
primitive medical technology for beings allegedly capable of building interstellar spacecraft.
However, there is an intriguing correlation between the atrocities committed by 'aliens' on their
human victims and those committed by Nazi 'doctors' (I use the term loosely) in the
concentration camps during the Second World War. As we shall see later in this chapter,
proponents of the Nazi-UFO Theory, such as W. A. Harbinson, have suggested that this may be
due to an ongoing (and for the moment highly secret) Nazi plot to create a master-race from the
raw material of humanity in its present form.

One of the most impressive and carefully investigated abduction cases occurred on 26 August
1976. Four art students, Charlie Foltz, Chuck Rak and brothers Jack and Jim Weiner were on a
camping trip on the Allagash River in Maine, USA. While fishing in a boat on East Lake, they
watched the approach of a large spherical light that frightened them considerably. The next thing
they knew, they were standing on the shore of the lake, watching the object shoot up into the
sky. There was nothing left of their blazing camp fire but a few glowing embers, implying that
they had been away for several hours although they only remembered being on the lake for
about twenty minutes.

Several years later, the case came to the attention of the respected UFO researcher Raymond E.
Fowler, who investigated on behalf of the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), the largest civilian UFO
organisation in the world. Fowler arranged for the four witnesses to undergo hypnotic regression
to recover their lost memories of the evening. Each of the men (who had promised not to discuss
with each other their individual hypnosis sessions) recalled being taken into the UFO through a
beam of light. Once inside, they encountered several humanoid entities who forced them
(apparently through some form of mind control) to undress and sit in a mist-filled room. Their
bodies were examined and probed with various instruments, and samples of saliva, blood, skin,
sperm, urine and faeces were taken. When the examination had been completed, the men were

forced to walk through a circular doorway, whereupon they found themselves floating back down
to their boat through the light beam.

Fowler later discovered that Jack Weiner had had an 'anomalous lump' surgically removed
several years earlier. The pathologist who examined it had been somewhat mystified and had
sent it on for analysis to the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia. At Fowler's request,
Jack Weiner asked for his medical records and discovered that the lump had been sent to the
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, D.C., instead of the Center for
Disease Control. When Fowler telephoned the AFIP for an explanation, he was told by the public
information officer that the AFIP occasionally assisted civilian doctors. 'When Jack asked why the
lump was sent to the AFIP rather than the Center for Disease Control, he was told by his
surgeon's secretary that it was less costly even though Jack was covered by insurance!' (53)

The Pascagoula and Allagash encounters display many of the hallmarks of the typical UFO
abduction, the principal elements of which can be listed as follows: (1) the initial appearance of
the entities and the taking of the percipient; (2) medical probing with various instruments; (3)
machine examinations and mental testing; (4) sexual activity, in which the percipient is
sometimes forced to 'mate' with other humans or even with the entities themselves; and (5) the
returning of the percipient to his or her normal environment. (54) Although an extremely wide
variety of 'alien' types has been encountered by people all over the world, one type in particular
has become more and more commonly reported (particularly in the United States). The so-called
'Grey' is now regarded as the quintessential alien being and is one of the most immediately
recognisable images in today's world.

In the unlikely event that the reader is unfamiliar with this image, we can briefly describe the
Greys' physical characteristics as follows: they are usually described as approximately four feet
tall (although some are as tall as eight feet), with extremely large craniums and enormous jet-
black, almond-shaped eyes. They have no nose or ears to speak of, merely small holes where
these should be; likewise, their mouths are usually described as no more than lipless slits. The
torso and limbs are described as being very thin, almost sticklike, and more than one abductee
has reported the impression that they seem to be made of an undifferentiated material, with no
bone or muscular structure. Their hands are long and thin, sometimes with three fingers,
sometimes with four. In addition, the Greys are frequently reported to be rather uncaring in their
attitude towards humans, treating us much as we treat laboratory animals. Indeed, they have
been described by some as militaristic and by others as hivelike in their demeanour, as if they
had no individual consciousness of their own but were carrying out commands from some higher
source.

It is clear that any claims of a Nazi origin of modern UFO encounters must take account of the
bizarre creatures associated with the discs. This problem might seem insurmountable in view of
the fact that, while we may not expect the UFO pilots to be strutting around in black leather
trench coats and jackboots, they would surely nevertheless be recognisable as human beings.
Flowever, the research undertaken by W. A. Flarbinson may offer a way around this apparent
impasse, as well as providing us with some extremely unsettling food for thought.

Nazi Cyborgs?

Flarbinson's thesis, that UFO occupants may well be cyborgs - biomedically engineered
amalgamations of human and machine - is supported to a certain extent by medical research
conducted since the 1960s. Although this research was at the time highly secret, the gruesome
details have since come to light in the form of books and articles that describe not only the
nature of the experiments conducted but also the frightening attitude of some members of the
medical profession. According to David Fishlock: 'Even today there are people who believe that
convicts, especially the criminal lunatic, and even conscientious objectors, should be compelled
to lend themselves to science.' (55)

Referring to The People Shapers (1978) by Vance Packard, Harbinson reminds us of the direction
in which medical research was heading more than 30 years ago.

[I]n the Cleveland Clinic's Department of Artificial Organs, not only medical specialists, but
'mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biomedical engineers, as well as biochemists and polymer
chemists', were, in their busy operating theatres, enthusiastically engaged in 'surgery connected
to the development of artificial substitutes for ... vital organs such as the liver, lungs, pancreas,
and kidneys'. Conveniently within walking distance of the Cleveland Clinic's Department of
Artificial Organs are the Neurosurgical Research Laboratories of the Cleveland Metropolitan
General Hospital, where great interest was being expressed, as far back as 1967, in the
possibility of transferring the entire head of one human being to another. Switching human
brains from one head to another would be complicated and costly, but, as Packard explains: 'By
simply switching heads, on the other hand, only a few connections need to be severed and then
re-established in the neck of the recipient body.' (56)

This procedure was successfully carried out on monkeys at the Cleveland Clinic, with each head
apparently retaining its original mental characteristics when attached to its new body. In other
words, if a monkey had been aggressive before the operation, it would remain so when its head
was transplanted to another body. The eyes of the monkeys followed people as they walked
past, implying that the heads retained some level of awareness. The unfortunate subjects of
these procedures only lived for about one week.

Of course, the main problem in a procedure of this kind would be the regeneration of the
severed spinal cord so that the brain could send nerve impulses to its new body; and yet even
this feat seems not to be outside the bounds of possibility. In June 1976, a Soviet scientist
named Levon A. Matinian 'reported from the fourth biennial conference on Regeneration of the
Central Nervous System that he had succeeded in regrowing the spinal cords of rats'. (57)
Harbinson suggests, almost certainly with some justification, that this area of research must have
been continued 'behind closed doors' at military and scientific establishments since then. It is
surely reasonable to suppose that, if this is the case, scientists have progressed well beyond the
level of rats.

One can be forgiven for wondering what conceivable use such barbaric experiments could
possibly have for humanity. While it is mercifully unlikely that head transplants will ever be in
vogue, such research undoubtedly holds much potential for the enhancement of human beings
who will eventually conduct routine work in hostile environments, such as the ocean floor and
outer space. Fusion of a sort between human and machine has already been achieved, in the
form of the so-called Cybernetic Anthropomorphous Machine System (CAMS), 'slave' machinery
that mimics the movement of its human operators. According to Harbinson:

In an aerospace conference given in Boston in 1966, engineer William E. Bradley, who developed
the idea of cable-less man-machine manipulator systems for the US Defense Department's
Institute for Defense Analysis, stated his belief that man and machine would eventually be linked
in such a way that by performing the manoeuvres himself, the man would cause them to take
place, through the machine, at a distance of thousands of miles. This concept soon led to the
weapon-aiming system devised by the Philco Corporation for the US Air Force, in which the pilot's
helmet is coupled with a servo-system that enables him to aim and fire his weapons
automatically by merely swivelling his head until a camera located in his helmet shows the
target. (58)

In addition, as early as 1967 US Air Force scientists had succeeded in transmitting thought
impulses to a computer using a variation on Morse code composed of long and short bursts of
alpha waves (59) (alpha waves are produced by the brain when it is at rest). This technology has
developed to the point where today we have the potential for amputees to control their
prosthetic limbs by means of nerve impulses directly from the brain.

In the field of organ transplantation, we have seen astonishing progress over the last 30 years
and it is surely not rash to suggest that we will soon see artificial hearts and other organs
routinely replacing those damaged through illness or accident. Likewise, in spite of concerns
regarding the ethical implications of human cloning, we may also see the day when human
organs are produced in the laboratory, ready for transplanting when the need arises. In view of
the fact that research conducted under the aegis of national security is between ten and twenty
years ahead of what is made public at any particular time (work on the Stealth fighter began in
the mid-1970s, although the public were not made aware of its existence until the late 1980s), it
is possible - perhaps likely - that advances in the field of medical and bioengineering research
have already extended into the realm of what the public would consider science fiction.

Harbinson believes that what the public knows is merely the tip of the iceberg, and reminds us
that 'the US Navy, Air Force, Army and government agencies such as NASA - all with top-secret
research establishments in the White Sands Proving Ground and similar areas - have a particular
need for advanced man-machine manipulations or cyborgs'. (60) He adds that the creatures seen
in and around landed UFOs could be such cyborgs: human beings radically augmented by
sophisticated mechanical prosthetics.

Theoretically, the lungs of such creatures would be partially collapsed and the blood in them
artificially cooled. The cyborgs' respiration and other bodily functions would then be controlled
cybernetically with artificial lungs and sensors which maintain constant temperature, metabolism
and pressure, irrespective of external environmental fluctuations - thus, even if not protected by
an antigravity (or gravitic) propulsion system, they would not be affected by the extraordinary
accelerations and direction changes of their craft. The cyborgs would have no independent will,
but could be remote-controlled, both physically and mentally, even across great distances, by
computer-linked brain implants. Since this operation would render the mouth and nose
superfluous, these would be sealed ... and completely non-functioning. (61)

If we remember the basic description of the Greys noted earlier, with their slit-like and
apparently useless mouths, vestigial noses and thin torsos, we can begin to see a frightening
correspondence with the theoretical human-built cyborg, a nightmarish combination of
genetically engineered human and highly sophisticated machine. To a startled, disorientated and
terrified UFO witness, such a creature would surely look like nothing on earth ... would look, in
fact, like an extraterrestrial alien.

Interestingly, many people claiming to have encountered UFO crews mention the presence of
normal-looking humans alongside the bizarre entities. Some ufologists suggest that these human
types are the Nordic aliens mentioned earlier, working alongside the Greys and perhaps forming
part of some interplanetary federation; other, more conspiracy-minded researchers believe that
the human types are just that: human beings who are in league with a hostile alien occupation
force. There is, however, another possibility, based on the information we have just considered.

It is conceivable that the humans seen on board UFOs are actually the controllers of the
Greys/cyborgs. It is also conceivable that these humans are members of an ultra-secret group,
existing completely independently of any nation on Earth, and perhaps hostile to all nations and
all other humans.

Conceivable, yes - but true?

These suggestions, of course, raise a number of serious and difficult questions. If the controllers
of the UFOs and their not-quite-human crew members really are from Earth, who are they? If
they place their allegiance with no known nation, with whom does their allegiance lie? Why do
they abduct what is apparently an enormous number of ordinary humans, some of whom are
never returned? Such an organisation or society could not operate without a well-supplied,
protected and highly secret home base. Where is it?

In the final chapter of our survey, we will examine some of the theories that have been put
forward to account for the origin and activities of this sinister group of humans. But first, we can
attempt to answer one of the questions we have just posed. The answer, if true, is terrifying,
and leads us inevitably to the final stage of our journey through the Absolute Elsewhere.

Telemetric Mind Control

What is the secret of so-called UFO abductions? Are hostile alien beings responsible, or is the
solution to the mystery to be found right here on Earth? For a possible answer to these
questions, we must look at the history of a subject that most people would assume lies firmly
within the boundaries of science fiction and that has no place in the world of everyday
experience. The subject is the control of the human mind from a distance and, as we shall now
see, it is frighteningly practicable.

According to the US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board in its 1996 study of weapons technology,
New World Vistas Air and Space Power for the 21 st Century, it is possible to achieve the coupling
of human and machine through what is known as Biological Process Control. 'One can envision
the development of electromagnetic energy sources, the output of which can be pulsed, shaped,
and focused, that can couple with the human body in a fashion that will allow one to prevent
voluntary muscular movements, control emotions (and thus actions), produce sleep, transmit
suggestions, interfere with both short-term and long-term memory, produce an experience set,
and delete an experience set.' Researcher David Guyatt informs us that 'experience set' is jargon
for one's life's memories: this technology is quite literally capable of deleting one's memories and
replacing them with an entirely new set. (62)

Those who believe that such technology must still be decades away from perfection may be
surprised to learn that Dr Jose Delgado, a neurophysiologist at the Yale University School of
Medicine, has been experimenting with Electronic Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) since the late
1940s. Perhaps his most impressive experiment was conducted in 1964, with the financial
backing of the US Office of Naval Research. An electronic probe was implanted in the brain of a
bull and a small radio receiver strapped to its head. The animal was then placed in a bullring,
along with Dr Delgado who was equipped with a remote-control handset. As the bull charged
him, Delgado flipped a switch on the handset and the one-ton animal stopped dead in front of
him, clearly in a state of confusion. This process was repeated several times. Guyatt writes:
'Speaking two years later, in 1966, Delgado stated that his experiments "support the distasteful
conclusion that motion, emotion, and behaviour can be directed by electrical [means] and that
humans can be controlled like robots by push buttons".' (63) According to Delgado, this would
eventually result in a 'psycho-civilised' society, whose citizens' brains would be computer-
controlled through the use of implanted 'stimoceivers'. Guyatt informs us that in 1974
neurophysiologist Lawrence Pinneo of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) developed a
computer system capable of reading a person's mind by correlating brain waves on an
electroencephalograph (EEC) with specific commands. (64)

Eighteen years earlier, in 1956, at the National Electronics Conference in Chicago, Curtiss Shafer,
an electrical engineer for the Norden-Ketay Corporation, had stated that 'The ultimate
achievement of biocontrol may be man himself. He continued: The controlled subjects would
never be permitted to think as individuals. A few months after birth, a surgeon would equip each
child with a socket mounted under the scalp and electrodes reaching selected areas of brain
tissue'. The subject's 'sensory perceptions and muscular activity could be either modified or
completely controlled by bioelectric signals radiating from state-controlled transmitters'. (65)

Among the horrors perpetrated at Auschwitz and Dachau concentration camps were frequently
fatal experiments in mind control, conducted mainly with hypnosis and narco-hypnosis, using
drugs such as mescaline and various barbiturates. After the war, many Nazi scientists, doctors,
engineers and intelligence personnel were secretly taken to the United States in the operation
known as Project PAPERCLIP. Thirty-four Nazi scientists were sent to Randolph Air Force Base in

San Antonio, Texas to continue their narco-hypnosis experiments on non-volunteer subjects,
including prisoners, mental patients and members of ethnic minorities. (66) The results of the
narco-hypnosis experiments suggested that the technique was unreliable (the main intention
being to produce a programmable assassin), and greater emphasis was placed on electronic
technology to erase a person's personality (a process known as 'depatterning') and replace it
with a new personality devised by the experimenter (a technique called 'psychic driving'). (67)

As might be expected, the CIA has always been extremely interested in the concept of mind
control. One of their experimental facilities was contained within the Allen Memorial Institute, the
psychiatric division of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, directed by Dr Ewen Cameron MD
on a grant from the Rockefeller and Gerschickter Foundations. Cameron established a Radio
Telemetry Laboratory in which experiments were conducted on non-volunteer subjects. Mind
control researcher Alex Constantine provides us with a glimpse of the nature of these
experiments, which included depatterning and psychic driving.

The psychotronic heart of the laboratory was the Grid Room, with its verticed, Amazing Tales
interior. The subject was strapped into a chair involuntarily, by force, his head bristling with
electrodes and transducers. Any resistance was met with a paralyzing dose of curare. The
subject's brain waves were beamed to a nearby reception room crammed with voice analyzers, a
wire recorder and radio receivers cobbled together by [Cameron's assistant] Rubenstein. The
systematic annihilation, or 'depatterning' of a subject's mind and memory, was accomplished
with overdoses of LSD, barbiturate sleep for 65 days at a stretch and ECT shocks at 75 times the
recommended dosage. Psychic driving, the repetition of a recorded message for 16 hours a day,
programmed the empty mind. (68)

The CIA has, over the years, established a number of secret projects to study and experiment
with methods of mind control, using drugs and various forms of electromagnetic (EM) radiation.
The notorious MKULTRA behaviour-control programme is merely the best-known of these
projects. The others include: Project CHATTER, a US Navy programme aimed at the elimination
of free will in subjects through the use of drugs and psychology; Project BLUEBIRD, a CIA/Office
of Scientific Intelligence programme to develop behavioural drugs for use in 'unconventional
warfare'; and Project PANDORA, which was established as a result of the Soviet bombardment of
the US embassy in Moscow with low-intensity microwaves during the 1960s and 1970s. (69)
PANDORA was set up to study the health effects of microwave radiation and experimented with
the induction of hallucinations and heart seizures. According to Richard Cesaro, the director of
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the initial goal of PANDORA was to
'discover whether a carefully controlled microwave signal could control the mind'. (70)

According to Constantine, CIA researchers conducted further experiments with radio waves,
which resulted in their subjects experiencing various emotions, sensations and visions. At the
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 'Dr Ross Adey (who worked closely with emigre
Nazi technicians after WW II) rigged the brains of lab animals to transmit to a radio receiver,
which shot signals back to a device that sparked any behaviour desired by the researcher'. (71)

The use of electronic 'stimoceivers' inside the brains of subjects to control thought and behaviour
is paralleled by one of the most disturbing aspects of UFO abduction: the so-called 'alien
implants' which, it is claimed, are inserted into the bodies of abductees for unknown purposes.
Alien implants first came to widespread public attention with the publication of Communion
(1987) by Whitley Strieber and Missing Time (1981) by Budd Hopkins. One of the defining
characteristics of alien abduction is the introduction into the abductee's body of one or more
small devices, frequently through the top of the nasal cavity and into the brain but also beneath
the skin of arms, hands and legs. Some researchers speculate that the mysterious, so-called
'unknown bright objects' that occasionally show up on X-rays and CAT scans of the head are
actually alien implants.

In the last few years, intensive efforts have been made by researchers and investigators to
retrieve these objects from the body for scientific study. They have met with a good deal of
success, with many alleged 'implants' having been surgically removed. The results of analysis,
however, have been inconclusive, with no absolute proof of an extraterrestrial origin forthcoming
to date. Indeed, the objects (which are typically two or three millimetres in length) have been
shown to be composed of earthly materials such as carbon, silicon, oxygen and other trace
elements. (Supporters of an extraterrestrial origin for implants state, quite reasonably, that these
substances are common throughout the Universe and that this should not be taken as proof of
their earthly origin. Nevertheless, one would expect a genuine alien artefact, even if constructed
of materials found on Earth, to show utterly unusual combinations or methods of construction.)

While the exact purpose of the implants is unknown, it has been suggested by various
researchers that they may be tracking devices, by which the 'aliens' can keep tabs on humans
they wish to abduct (in much the same way as zoologists tag animals in the wild). Alternatively,
they may function as monitors of metabolism and other physical processes within the body.

Some investigators, fearful of a possible alien invasion of our planet, suggest that the implants
are mind-control devices that will be activated if and when the aliens finally come out into the
open, thus turning what may be millions of humans into a gigantic army of alien-controlled
robots.

Although these ideas might seem rather paranoid and far-fetched, the last one raises the
intriguing and extremely unsettling possibility that what are assumed by many to be alien
implants are actually human implants - electromagnetic microwave devices giving the controllers
direct access to the minds of the abductees. Naturally, in this scenario, the abductions
themselves have nothing to do with alien activity: as the French-American ufologist Jacques
Vallee has noted, (72) many apparent 'alien abductions' give every indication of being carefully
engineered hoaxes - hoaxes, moreover, not perpetrated by the witnesses themselves but rather
by a human agency with access to high technology and vast resources.

To illustrate this possibility, let us look at the case of an unfortunate man named Leonard Kille. A
talented and successful electronics engineer, Kille was the co-inventor of the Land camera
(named after Edwin Land of the Polaroid Corporation, who founded the Scientific Engineering
Institute [SEI] on behalf of the CIA). (73) Alex Constantine writes: 'At South Vietnam's Bien Hoa
Hospital ... an SEI team buried electrodes in the skulls of Vietcong POWs and attempted to spur
them into violence by remote control. Upon completion of the experiments, the POWs were shot
and cremated by a company of "America's best," the Green Berets.' (74)

In 1966, Kille suspected his wife of having an affair with a lodger. He did not believe her denials,
and a psychiatrist interpreted his resultant anger as a 'personality pattern disturbance'. He was
referred to CIA psychiatrists for neurological tests. They concluded that Kille was a paranoid and
a mild psychomotor epileptic. Kille was admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital and his
wife threatened to divorce him if he did not submit to brain surgery. In fact, his wife had been
conducting an affair with their lodger, and did divorce Kille after his surgery. (75)

The surgery conducted on Leonard Kille consisted of four electrical strands, each containing
twenty electrodes, being implanted in his brain. The insertion of these stimoceivers totally
disabled Kille and left him terrified that he would be operated on again. According to
Constantine, 'in 1971 an attendant found him with a wastebasket on his head to "stop the
microwaves'". (76) When he was transferred to Boston's VA Hospital, his doctors were not
informed that he had been implanted with electrode strands and therefore assumed that his
claims were those of a delusional paranoiac. Kille's moods were controlled with electronic
stimulation. 'The "haunting fear" left by Kille's ordeal, a psychiatrist wrote in the New England
Journal of Medicine, is that "men may become slaves, perhaps, to an authoritarian state".' (77)

Constantine believes that UFO activity is conducted by human intelligence agencies:

UFOs are strictly terrestrial, as one UFO abductee recognized. She phoned Julianne McKinney at
the [Electronic] Surveillance Project in Washington to report her abduction, aware that it was
government-directed. 'FHer house is being shot at,' McKinney says, 'and they are harassing her
viciously, the target of massive microwave assault.' The abuse of psychoactive technology is
escalating, unbeknownst to the American public. Recurrent hypno-programmed stalkers, ritual
and 'alien' outrages and psychotronic forms of political persecution are on the upswing at the
hands of the DIA [Defense Intelligence Agency], CIA, FBI, NSA [National Security Agency] and
other covert branches of government. Hired guns in media, law enforcement and psychiatry
protect them by discrediting the victims. In effect, an ambitious but meticulously concealed,
undeclared war on American private citizens is in progress - a psywar. (78) [Original emphasis.]

More and more people in America are coming forward with complaints of psychotronic
harassment. One of their greatest champions was Julianne McKinney (mentioned above), a CIA-
trained military officer who decided to do something to help the victims and used her retirement
bonus to finance the Electronic Surveillance Project (ESP), based in the offices of the Association
of National Security Alumni in Washington, D.C. The running of the organisation eventually
drained all her savings, and in late 1995 McKinney left Washington. She has not been seen since,
although she is rumoured to be still alive. (79)

Microwave harassment and mind control experiments are not confined to the United States.
Following a routine operation in a Stockholm hospital, Swede Robert Naeslund discovered that he
had been implanted with a radio-hypnotic intracerebral control device and had become the target
of directed microwave radiation. Fie subsequently claimed that he was unable to receive
corrective treatment from any doctor in Sweden due to interference from SAPO, the Swedish
security service. Naeslund travelled to Indonesia and succeeded in finding a surgeon willing to
remove the implants; however, the operation was allegedly halted midway by the CIA. Although
he has made numerous attempts to focus public awareness on his plight and that of others in his
position, this has merely resulted in more electromagnetic harassment. (80)

In the United Kingdom, it has been claimed that the women who began protesting against the
stationing of tactical nuclear weapons at the Greenham USAF base on Greenham Common in
1981 were also the victims of electromagnetic harassment. 'Protestors complained of severe
headaches, temporary paralysis, nausea, palpitations and other classic symptoms of microwave
poisoning. Tests revealed microwave radiation up to 100 times greater than background readings
taken around the base.' (81)

In addition, targeted electromagnetic radiation has been implicated in the deaths of 25 British
scientists who were working on secret electronic warfare projects for NATO, including the
Strategic Defence Initiative fStar Wars') in the mid-1980s. According to Alex Constantine:

A pattern to the killings in Great Britain begins with the fact that seven of the scientists worked
for Marconi, a subsidiary of General Electric. At the time, Marconi was under investigation for
bribing and defrauding ministers of government. But Britain's MoD found 'no evidence' linking the
deaths. Blame for the sudden outbreak of suicides among Marconi engineers was laid on stress.
(Another unlikely explanation was given for the 'hum' in Bristol, home of Marconi, a low-
frequency noise ... blamed on 'frogs'.) Jonathan Walsh, a digital communications specialist at
Marconi, was assigned to the secretive Martlesham Fleath Research Laboratory under a General
Electric contract. (GE has long led the field in the development of anti-personnel electronic
weapons, an interest that gestated with participation in Project Comet, the Pentagon-based
research program to explore the psychological effects of frequencies on the electromagnetic
spectrum.) Walsh dropped from his hotel window in November 1985. (82)

It has been suggested that these scientists, one of whom killed himself by chewing on live
electrical wires, were driven to their deaths through electromagnetic mind control.

Alex Constantine and other mind control researchers firmly believe that American and European
intelligence services are to blame not only for barbaric mind control experiments but also for

staging UFO sightings and 'alien' encounters as a cover for their activities. As we have seen,
there is much evidence to support these assertions. Flowever, we have also noted that there is
evidence to suggest that modern UFOs are based on highly secret designs that were drawn up
by Nazi engineers towards the end of the Second World War. Taken together, these claims have
led some UFO researchers and conspiracy theorists to turn their backs on the concept of alien
visitation and to suggest that innocent people throughout the world are being victimised and
abused by a sinister, ultra-secret society - a society having little or nothing to do with the United
States, Russia or any other country.

The outrageous suggestion put forward by these researchers is that this society is actually
composed of Nazis who escaped from the ruins of Germany at the end of the Second World War,
and who are continuing their pursuit of world domination from the icy fastness of Antarctica.

9 - Invisible Eagle

Rumours of Nazi Survival to the Present

There are, of course, a number of problems posed by the idea that the pattern of world events is
being controlled by a secret colony of Nazis operating out of an impregnable fortress somewhere
in Antarctica. The claims made by conspiracy theorists about ongoing Nazi activity in the present
day sound at best like lurid and rather distasteful science fiction, at worst like the ravings of
seriously unbalanced minds. Among the questions one feels obliged to ask are: how would such
an operation be financed? Flow could such an elaborate colony remain hidden for the last 55
years? For that matter, how could it have been built in the first place? And what could be its
ultimate aim? Given the enormous power and fantastic technology attributed to it by
conspiratologists, what are its (doubtless nefarious) plans for the rest of humanity? In this final
chapter, we will look at some of the claims concerning Antarctica's hidden residents, and at the
evidence for the reality of this ultimate conspiracy.

Operation Eagle Flight

As we have just noted, one of the most important questions raised by the Nazis in Antarctica
theory involves finance: how could a large, permanent base be constructed and maintained for
more than half a century on the most inhospitable continent in the world? For an answer to this
question, we must return to the closing months of the Second World War when it was becoming
clear to Nazi officials that their 'Thousand-Year Reich' faced imminent destruction.

In August 1944, while an amphetamine-fuelled Adolf Hitler was venting his contempt for the
German people whose incipient defeat had betrayed his vision ('If the German people was to be
conquered in the struggle/ he said, 'then it had been too weak to face the test of history, and
was fit only for destruction"), his deputy, Reichsleiter Martin Bormann, was at the Hotel Maison
Rouge in Strasbourg planning the continuation of Nazi power and ideology. Addressing the
meeting of Nazi Party officials and German business leaders, Bormann stated: 'German industry
must realize that the war cannot now be won, and must take steps to prepare for a postwar
commercial campaign which will in time ensure the economic resurgence of Germany.' (2)

These steps were implemented under the code name Aktion Adlerflug (Operation Eagle Flight)
and resulted in the 'massive flight of money, gold, stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights, and even
technical specialists from Germany'. (3) Along with the central Deutsche Bank and the chemical
cartel I. G. Farben, one of the largest industrial organisations in Europe, Bormann succeeded in
establishing 750 front corporations in Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
Argentina. Of course, Bormann would have been unable to achieve this without substantial help
from both within and outside Germany. This came in the form of connections with banks and
businesses dating back to before the war, (4) indeed to the financing of the Nazi Party itself

following the elections of 1933. On 20 February of that year, 25 of the most prominent
industrialists in Germany were invited by Flermann Goering to a meeting with Adolf Hitler, who
stated: 'An impossible situation is created when one section of a people favors private property
while another denies it. A struggle of that sort tears a people apart and the fight continues until
one section emerges victorious ... It is not by accident that one man produces more than
another; the concept of private property is rooted in this fact ... Fluman beings are anything but
equal. As far as the economy is concerned, I have but one desire, namely, that it may enter upon
a peaceful future ... There will, however, not be a domestic peace unless Marxism has been
exterminated.' (5)

Another of these connections was with the American International Telephone & Telegraph
Corporation (ITT), which continued to trade with Nazi Germany after America's entry into the
war, selling communications and military equipment such as artillery fuses. Journalist Jim Marrs
states that ITT's German chairman, Gerhardt Westrick, was 'a close associate of John Foster
Dulles, who would become US secretary of state under President Dwight Eisenhower, and
partner to Dr Heinrich Albert, head of the Ford Motor Co. in Germany until 1945'. Fie adds: 'Two
ITT directors were German banker Baron Kurt von Schroder and Walter Schellenberg, head of
counter-intelligence for the Nazi Gestapo.' (6)

According to former New York Times writer Charles Fligham, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO)
secretly sold gasoline to Germany and fascist Spain. 'The shipments to Spain indirectly assisted
the Axis through Spanish transferences to Flamburg.' (7) By changing the country of registration
for Standard's tanker fleet to Panama, company spokesmen could claim that the oil was coming
not from the United States but the Caribbean. (8)

There were also numerous banking connections, one of which was the partnership established in
1936 between the J. Flenry Schroder Bank of New York and several Rockefeller family members
to form Schroder, Rockefeller and Company, Investment Bankers that provided economic support
to the Rome-Berlin Axis. 'The partners in Schroder, Rockefeller and Company included Avery
Rockefeller, nephew of John D., Baron Bruno von Schroder in London, and Kurt von Schroder [of
the Bank of International Settlements] and the Gestapo in Cologne ... Standard Oil's Paris
representatives were directors of the Banque de Paris et de Pays-Bas, which had intricate
connections to the Nazis and to Chase [National Bank].' (9)

According to investigator Paul Manning, Hermann Schmitz, head of I.G. Farben, was president of
Chase National Bank for seven years prior to the war, and later held as much stock in Standard
Oil as did the Rockefellers. He held other shares in General Motors 'and other US blue chip
industrial stocks, and the 700 secret companies controlled in his time by I. G. [Farben], as well
as shares in the 750 corporations he helped Bormann establish during the last years of World
War IT. Manning continues: 'The Bormann organization in South America utilizes the voting
power of the Schmitz trust along with their own assets to guide the multinationals they control,
as they keep steady the economic course of the Fatherland. The Bormann organization is not
merely a group of ex-Nazis. It is a great economic power whose interests today supersede their
ideology.' (10)

The financial relationship between the Nazis and the Swiss banks has been well documented.
Through processes of investment and money laundering, approximately 15 billion Reichsmarks
was moved through Switzerland, equivalent to three per cent of America's gross domestic
product (GDP) in 1944. 'To put this into today's terms, three percent of America's GDP is $200
billion, which is more than the entire GDP of Switzerland. Allow for interest, compounded over 50
years, and the value of the Nazi cache that went through Switzerland moves into the region of a
trillion dollars.' (11)

Over the years there has been considerable speculation on the fate of Martin Bormann, Hitler's
deputy and the second most powerful man in the Third Reich. One of the main characteristics of
the Nazi survival theory is, perhaps unsurprisingly, the idea that the Nazi leaders themselves

managed to escape from Berlin during the Allies' final assault. Since Bormann played such a large
part in planning the continuation of Nazi financial interests and power after the war, it is worth
pausing briefly to note the findings of the internationally esteemed historian Hugh Trevor-Roper
who, as a wartime intelligence officer, was charged with the task of establishing the ultimate fate
of Hitler and his inner circle.

According to Trevor-Roper:

In 1945 the evidence [on Bormann's fate] was conflicting and uncertain. Several witnesses
maintained that Bormann had been killed in a tank which exploded when hit by a Panzerfaust
[bazooka] on the Weidendammer Bridge during the attempted breakthrough on the night of 1-2
May. On the other hand, all these witnesses have admitted that the scene was one of great
confusion and none of them claims to have seen Bormann's body ... Further, even in 1945 I had
three witnesses who independently claimed to have accompanied Bormann in his attempted
escape. One of these witnesses, Artur Axmann, claimed afterwards to have seen him dead.
Whether we believe Axmann or not is entirely a matter of choice, for his word is unsupported by
any other testimony. In his favour it can be said that his evidence on all other points has been
vindicated. On the other hand, if he wished to protect Bormann against further search, his
natural course would be to give false evidence of his death. This being so I came in 1945, to the
only permissible conclusion, viz: that Bormann had certainly survived the tank explosion but had
possibly, though by no means certainly, been killed later that night. Such was the balance of
evidence in 1945. (12)

Trevor-Roper adds that by 1956 the situation remained unchanged by new evidence. In 1953, a
former SS major, Joachim Tibertius, made a statement to a Swiss newspaper, Der Bund, in which
he claimed to have seen Bormann after the tank explosion, at the Hotel Atlas. According to
Tibertius: 'He had by then changed into civilian clothes. We pushed on together towards the
Schiffbauerdamm and the Albrechtstrasse. Then I finally lost sight of him. But he had as good a
chance to escape as I had.' (13)

The absence of concrete evidence for Bormann's death in 1945 spawned a number of claims of
his survival, including one that placed him in Bolivia. Another claim came from Reinhardt Gehlen,
who had been an Abwehr officer during the war and had subsequently become head of the new
West German intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst, 'thanks to his useful experience
... and the beginning of the Cold War'. (14) In 1971, Gehlen stated in his memoirs that during
the war he had come to the conclusion that Bormann was actually a Soviet spy. Following the
war, 'Bormann had sought and found protection in Moscow, where he had occasionally been
seen by reliable witnesses and had recently died'. (15)

However, as Trevor-Roper informs us, Gehlen's claims were refuted in 1972 'when two human
skeletons, which had been dug up in waste ground near the Lehrter Station in West Berlin - i.e.
not far from the place where Axmann claimed to have seen the bodies - were forensically
examined and identified as those of Bormann and his companion in flight, Dr [Ludwig]
Stumpfegger', Hitler's surgeon. (16)

Although it has been established since 1972 that Bormann's attempt to escape from the ruins of
the Third Reich ended in death, it is equally certain that his brainchild, Operation Eagle Flight,
met with considerably greater success. According to conspiracy researcher Jim Keith, the
Research and Analysis branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the
CIA, stated in 1945 that 'Nazi Party members, German industrialists and the German military,
realizing their victory can no longer be attained, are now developing postwar commercial
projects, endeavoring to renew and cement friendships in foreign commercial circles and
planning for renewals of pre-war cartel agreements'. (17) Keith goes on to quote the minutes of
the secret meeting between Bormann and a group of German industrialists, mentioned earlier:
'The [Nazi] Party is ready to supply large amounts of money to those industrialists who
contribute to the post-war organization abroad. In return, the Party demands all financial

reserves which have already been transferred abroad or may be later transferred, so that after
the defeat a strong new Reich can be built.' (18)

Project Paperclip

Those who subscribe to the idea of Nazi survival in the post-war period cite another documented
historical fact in support of their theories. After the end of the war, both the Americans and the
Russians began to search throughout occupied Germany for technical, intelligence, military and
other scientific information. In September 1946, President Harry Truman authorised Project
PAPERCLIP, a programme to bring selected German scientists to America. Aside from expertise in
their fields, the main requisite for their acceptance for residence in the United States was proof
that they had not been active members of the Nazi Party, and had not displayed any allegiance
to Hitler.

Background investigations of various German scientists were conducted by the Joint Intelligence
Objectives Agency (JIOA), which found them all to have been enthusiastic Nazis. Nevertheless, it
was decided that to send them back to Germany would probably result in their expertise being
exploited by the Soviets and would thus constitute a greater threat to US security than any Nazi
sympathies they might have had. Among these scientists was, of course, Wernher von Braun,
who had been technical director of the Peenemunde rocket research centre, home of the
dreaded V-2 missile that had caused such carnage in London and elsewhere. According to
conspiratologists, OSS Director Allen Dulles ordered the scientists' dossiers to be cleansed of Nazi
references, with the result that by 1955 more than 760 German scientists had been granted US
citizenship. This was done without the knowledge of President Truman.

One of those who benefited from Project PAPERCLIP was the Abwehr officer Reinhardt Gehlen,
whose insurance policy of microfilming a vast number of documents concerning Soviet
intelligence came to the attention of Dulles. Gehlen and Dulles formulated an arrangement by
which the Nazi and American intelligence apparatus would be combined, ostensibly on the basis
of a common interest in a defence against communism. However, far from being committed
exclusively to the protection of the United States and Western Europe, Gehlen's organisation was
committed exclusively to the security of the ODESSA (Organisation of Veterans of the SS) and
other 'rat lines' that had been set up to aid the escape of more than 5,000 Nazis - and to set up
Nazi colonies throughout the world.

Jim Keith writes:

Once the Gehlen Organisation] was in place, with an estimated 4,000 intelligence specialists in
Germany and more than 4,000 undercover operatives in the Soviet bloc, the perceived threat to
the United States by the Soviets was aggravated by Nazi intelligence, and the Cold War was
inevitable. Gehlen and his cronies seemingly never admitted that Germany had lost the war and
simply persisted with Nazi objectives, using different means to destroy the USSR, namely
collaboration with the United States and the OSS/CIA. The Nazis may have, in addition, foreseen
the devastating results of a Cold War between the US and the USSR. The Cold War provided a
financial burden which has destroyed Russia and left the United States as the world's biggest
debtor nation ... (19)

With secret control of hundreds of billions of dollars in financial and industrial assets, not to
mention access to the intelligence agencies of the post-war superpowers and with hidden
colonies throughout the world, this 'Nazi International' was in a position to reverse the failure of
the Third Reich and finally achieve global domination. According to conspiratologists, the main
headquarters of the Nazi International was - and is - in Antarctica.

The Mysterious Voyage of Captain Schaeffer

On 25 April 1945, the German submarine U-977 embarked on one of the most remarkable
voyages of the Second World War. Commanded by Captain Hans Schaeffer, the submarine left
Kiel Harbour in the Baltic, stopped briefly for fuel at Christiansand South the following day, and
arrived at Mar del Plata, Argentina nearly four months later, on 17 August. (20) In his
subsequent interrogation by the Allies, Schaeffer stated that he had heard over the radio that the
war had ended several days after leaving Christiansand South, and had decided to make for
Argentina rather than staying in Europe. He offered his crew the option of being put off the
submarine on the Norwegian coast or continuing on with him.

Some of Schaeffer's crew opted to return to Germany, so the U-977 remained hidden in
Norwegian waters until 10 May, when the departing crew members were put ashore near
Bergen. Schaeffer and the rest of his crew 'then embarked upon what surely must have been one
of the most remarkable naval feats of the war: a journey through the North Sea and English
Channel, past Gibraltar and along the coast of Africa, to finally surface, all of sixty-six days later,
in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean'. (21) Over the next month, the U-977 evaded capture
by diving, surfacing, and erecting imitation sails and funnel to make it look like a cargo steamer
from a distance. (22)

On 17 August 1945, the U-977 put into Mar del Plata, in spite of Schaeffer having heard over the
radio that the crew of another fleeing German submarine, the U-530, had been apprehended on
the River Plate and handed over to the United States. During his initial interrogation by the
Argentine authorities, Schaeffer was asked if he had carried anyone of 'political importance' on
the voyage, to which he replied that he had not. Harbinson informs us that several weeks later
Schaeffer was again interrogated, this time by a special Anglo-American commission composed
of high-ranking officers. It seems that this commission wanted to explore the possibility that the
U-977 had transported Hitler and Martin Bormann first to Argentina and then on to a secret Nazi
base in Antarctica. (23)

The English and Americans apparently considered this to be a realistic possibility, for they
subsequently flew both Schaeffer and Otto Wehrmut, the commander of the U-530, to
Washington, D.C., where the interrogations continued for several more months. It is not clear
what happened to Wehrmut at this point, but Schaeffer was taken to Antwerp, Belgium, where
he was interrogated yet again. The U-977 itself was thoroughly searched and then taken to the
United States where it was destroyed under orders from the US War Department. Schaeffer was
then sent back to Germany, but decided to leave his country and return to Argentina. (24)

The testimony of Captain Schaeffer served as an early inspiration for the idea that high-ranking
Nazis had escaped the destruction of the Third Reich and were continuing with their plans for
world domination in one or more secret locations. Schaeffer's voyage suggested to some that the
ultimate destination for escaping Nazis was Antarctica, via Argentina. The German Navy Admiral
Karl Doenitz is reported to have stated in 1943: 'The German submarine fleet is proud of having
built for the Fuhrer in another part of the world a Shangri-la on land, an impregnable fortress.'
(25)

Where was this 'impregnable fortress' - if it existed? It is a matter of historical fact that Nazi
Germany maintained an intense interest in the Antarctic continent throughout the war. As we
shall now see, that beautiful, mysterious and hostile place also holds a prominent position in the
thoughts of those who subscribe to the Nazi-survival theory.

Operation Highjump

Between 1946 and 1947, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd contributed to the US Navy Antarctic
Developments Project, also known as Operation Highjump (see page 179). This operation was
ostensibly an exercise in polar combat, survival and exploration; however, conspiracy theorists
have suggested another, far more sinister purpose. Operation Highjump began approximately
one year after the arrival of the U-977 at Mar del Plata, Argentina. The vast resources placed at

Byrd's disposal have suggested to many that the operation was intended as an actual assault
force - but an assault against what, or whom?

The British author W. A. Harbinson has perhaps done more than any other writer to popularise
the idea that the Nazis had developed extremely advanced aircraft designs by the end of the
Second World War. In his novel sequence Projekt Saucer and his non-fiction study Project UFO,
he also offers evidence of a secret flying-disc base in Antarctica. In his novel Genesis (1980)
Flarbinson includes a lengthy afterword, which was later reprinted as the introduction to Man-
Mode UFOs 1944-1994- 50 Years of Suppression (1994) by Renato Vesco and David Hatcher
Childress and which describes how, in May 1978, a single-issue tabloid paper called Brisant was
being given away at Stand 111, in a scientific exhibition in the Hannover Messe Hall. This paper
contained two articles: one on the scientific future of Antarctica, and the other on flying-disc
technology at the end of the war (see Chapter Eight).

In its article on Antarctica, Brisant asked why the Operation Highjump assault force docked near
the German-claimed region of Neu Schwabenland on 27 January 1947, why it then divided into
three separate task forces and, most importantly, why there had been so many foreign press
reports that the operation had been a disaster. Harbinson writes:

That expedition became something of a mystery. Subsequent official reports stated that it had
been an enormous success, revealing more about the Antarctic than had ever been known
before. However, other, mainly foreign reports suggested that such in fact had not been the
case: that many of Byrd's men were lost during the first day, that at least four of his airplanes
inexplicably disappeared, and that while the expedition had gone provisioned for six to eight
months, the men actually returned to America in February 1947, after only a few weeks.
According to Brisant, Admiral Byrd later told a reporter (I could find no verification on this) that it
was 'necessary for the USA to take defensive actions against enemy air fighters which come from
the polar regions' and that in the case of a new war the USA would be 'attacked by fighters that
are able to fly from one pole to the other with incredible speed.' Also, according to Brisant,
shortly after his return from the Antarctic, Admiral Byrd was ordered to undergo a secret cross-
examination - and the United States withdrew from the Antarctic for almost a decade. (26)

The article carried a serious and startling implication: that Operation Highjump had been a
military invasion force disguised as a training and exploratory group, that it had intended to deal
with a secret colony of Nazi survivors in an elaborate underground facility that had been
constructed during the Second World War, and that this invasion force had met its match in the
form of a squadron of Nazi-built flying discs based at the colony. The reason for the United
States' temporary withdrawal from Antarctica was, allegedly, to allow itself time to develop its
own flying discs, based upon designs captured at the end of the war. (27)

Nazi UFO Bases in Antarctica?

Most reasonable people would dismiss as fantastic nonsense the idea that many Nazis fled the
ruins of the Third Reich and took up residence in a secret Antarctic colony, armed with a
squadron of flying discs with which to protect themselves. However, the paranoid conspiracy
theories that have proliferated in the second half of the twentieth century are based not so much
on reason but rather on elaborate extrapolations of puzzling but inconclusive evidence. In the
present case, this evidence centres on the undeniable interest the Third Reich maintained in
Antarctica throughout the war: German ships and U-boats constantly patrolled the South Atlantic
between South Africa and the region of Antarctica containing Neu Schwabenland, and it is
certainly possible that many of these voyages could have included shipments of personnel and
supplies for the construction of heavily fortified facilities. When we add to this the testimony of
the captain of the U-977, Hans Schaeffer (which admittedly may well be false), the claims of the
neo-Nazi publication Brisant that such trips included the transfer of flying-disc research teams
and disc components, and the rumours regarding the disastrous failure of Byrd's Operation
Highjump, we have the ingredients of a powerful and enduring modern myth, in which the evils

of Nazism did not meet destruction at the hands of the victorious Allies in 1945 but continue to
exert a terrible influence over human affairs to this day.

Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that the political system that identified the Jews as its scapegoat
and moved with such barbarism against them should now be chosen by many conspiracy
theorists as the scapegoat responsible for the machinations of a putative 'New World Order'. It is
quite possible that the concept of Nazi survival itself has survived to the present day because of
the very extremity of the crimes perpetrated by the Third Reich. While it may be argued that our
continuing interest in Nazi Germany constitutes an unhealthy fascination with the suffering and
terror of an ultimate inhumanity, there is also a case for saying that this interest is born of a
deep and despairing bafflement (see the Introduction). I believe it is not going too far to suggest
that the elaborate conspiracy theory involving Nazi survival is born of a deeply ingrained
suspicion that such wickedness could not have been completely defeated at the war's end; this
suspicion may well have been reinforced by the fact that the volkisch and Pan-German
forerunners of the Nazi Party were influenced by occult and mythological belief systems,
combined with the more generalised occult revival occurring throughout Europe in the post-war
years.

Of course, conspiracy theories cannot survive without conspiratologists to conceive and
propagate them. We shall now, therefore, turn our attention to the means by which the theory of
Nazi survival has been developed.

The Black Order

Throughout the post-war period, material has been added constantly to the sinister mythological
system built around the idea that the Third Reich continues its activities in a hidden location. This
cabal of surviving Nazis is sometimes referred to as the Fourth Reich but more often as the 'Black
Order'. Those who contend that such a concept can have no place in a rational person's world
view are underestimating the subtle power exerted by the strange concepts contained within the
field of popular occultism. The British writer Joscelyn Godwin has produced a splendid, highly
informative study of this field in his book Arktos The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi
Survival, in which he maintains an admirably sceptical standpoint while acknowledging that the
notions embodied in popular occultism must be treated with respect, if only for their powerful
influence over the public mind. Fie also includes a pertinent quote from the German Pastor
Ekkehard Flieronimus regarding popular beliefs:

What is going on in the lower reaches of society is probably very much more potent and effective
than what happens in intellectual circles. We think, of course, that it is the intellectuals - now in
the broadest sense of the term, in which I include the scientists -who define our life. But lately
the intellectuals have been rather like a film of oil on a great puddle of water: it shines
mischievously and thinks that it is the whole thing, but it is only one molecule thick. I can see
quite definite things coming towards us. The things going on in the so-called cultural
underground, or the so-called subculture, are very strange. (28)

Godwin then wryly offers an example of a product of this 'subculture', a report from the 16 April
1991 issue of the London newspaper the Sun, that claims that the ruins of Atlantis have been
discovered in the Arctic by a joint French-Soviet research expedition. The 'proof is a
photomontage of some Doric columns rising from an icy landscape. While the vast majority of
people seeing this would probably think it interesting but almost certainly spurious, the idea is
nevertheless firmly embedded in their unconscious. As Godwin notes (and as we have discussed
in earlier chapters), uncritical belief in the literal reality of certain occult concepts aided in no
small degree the rise of National Socialism. 'One has to be thankful that our tabloids are not
proclaiming Aryan supremacy or describing Jewish ritual murder; but one may well ask what
collective attitudes are being formed by the currents in the "great puddle" of popular occultism.'
(29)

It is one thing for a collective attitude to admit the possibility of visitation by alien spacecraft, or
the existence of ghosts or relict hominids such as Bigfoot, the Yeti and so on; it is quite another
to admit of the undying - perhaps supernatural - power of an ideology that has already
irreparably demeaned humanity and could quite conceivably wreak havoc once again.

'Gotzen Gegen Thule'

In 1971, Wilhelm Landig published a strange novel entitled Gotzen gegen Thule (Godlets Against
Thule). In an echo of the nineteenth-century vogue for presenting fantasy as a 'true story',

Landig subtitles his novel 'a fiction full of facts' and claims that it contains accurate information
on the radical advances in aviation and weapons technology made in the years since the end of
the war. Gotzen gegen Thule is fundamentally an adventure story that follows the exploits of two
German airmen, Recke and Reimer (which Godwin translates as 'Brave Warrior' and 'Poet'
respectively) (30), who are sent to a secret German base in the far north of Canada towards the
end of the Second World War. This base, known as Point 103, is a large underground facility
possessing highly advanced technology and supplied by powerful allies in the United States. Its
occupants constitute a force opposed to the Third Reich, which is seen as a Satanic force.

Point 103 is, in fact, solidly anti-racist, as evidenced by one scene in which a conference there is
attended by 'a Tibetan lama, Japanese, Chinese, and American officers, Indians, a Black
Ethiopian, Arabs, Persians, a Brazilian officer, a Venezuelan, a Siamese, and a full-blooded
Mexican Indian'. (31) Travel to and from this remote and ultra-secret facility is by a highly
advanced aircraft called the V7, which is shaped like a sphere with a rotating circular wing
containing jet turbines. Interestingly enough, even the responsible and sceptical Godwin is willing
to concede that this part of Landig's novel may well have a basis in fact (see Chapter Eight).

The two airmen are sent on a mission to Prague to prevent the disc-plane technology from falling
into Allied hands; following the end of the war and the defeat of Nazi Germany, Point 103
declares itself independent and continues with its pursuit of Thulean ideals. These ideals are
explained by another character, an ex-Waffen-SS officer named Gutmann ('Good man'). Godwin
provides a summary of the Thulean philosophy:

The light of Thule comes not from the East but from the North. Its tradition is 'Uranian,' being
derived from Uranos, lord of the cosmic world order and of the primordial Paradise of the Aryan
Race, situated at the North Pole. It was Uranos's usurping son Saturn who brought upon this
originally happy and unified humanity the dubious gift of the egoic state. The temptations
consequent upon this change in the human constitution lead to the loss of primeval unity and,
eventually, the destruction of Saturn's realm, Atlantis. Thereupon the warm climate of the secret
island of the Hyperboreans was suddenly replaced by bitter winter. The primordial races of the
Arctic and of the Nordic Atlantis both lost their homes, and were forced to migrate southwards.
Wherever they settled - in Europe, Persia, India, and elsewhere - they tried to remake their lost
Paradise, and in their myths and legends cherished the memory of it. (32)

As Godwin notes, Uranos and Saturn seem to be personifications of events in remote antiquity;
however, the Thulean religion included an unmanifested God beyond space and time, and a Son
through whom the will of the Father operates and who is identified with the laws of nature.
Landig himself identifies the legend of Thule (which in geographical terms is located close to
Point 103) with that of the spiritual centre of the world, sometimes called Shambhala. The reader
will recall Nicholas Roerich's encounter with a golden flying disc, described in Chapter Four, and
how his guide stated that the UFO represented the beneficent influence of Rigden-Jyepo, the
King of the World, who was watching over them. Through another character, a French
collaborator named Belisse ('from Belisane, sun god of the Gauls'), (33) Landig describes in
elaborate detail the nature of this phenomenon, which he calls 'Manisolas'. They are living,
intelligent bio-mechanical entities with a complex life cycle that begins as a circle of light and
continues through a metallic form before reaching the reproductive stage. Through a
regenerative process, a new Manisola grows within the womb of the adult.

The regenerated part is expelled by the remaining mother-nucleus as a new energetic circle of
light, corresponding to a birthing technique. This new circle enters on the same seven
developmental stages, while the expelling maternal element rolls itself into a ball, which then
explodes. The metallic remains contain particles of copper. The optical impressions that
eyewitnesses of these Manisolas have had up to now are basically quite uniform. In the daytime
they display an extremely bright gold or silver luminescence, sometimes with traces of rose-
colored smoke which then often condense into grayish-white trails. At night the disks shine in
glowing or glossy colors, showing on occasion long flames at the edges and red and blue sparks,
which can grow so strong as to wreathe them in fire. Most remarkable is their power of reaction
against pursuers, like that of a rational creature, far exceeding any possible electronic self-
steering or radio control. (34)

Landig goes on to describe how, throughout the ages, all mythologies refer in one way or
another to the Manisolas, which are seen as symbols of spiritual potency, unity and love.

Although Point 103 is claimed to be a non-racist society, the Thuleans nevertheless consider
Israel to be in eternal opposition to their ideals, and remember the time when their ancestors,
the Nordic Atlanteans, were held in slavery by Semitic sorcerers.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the Ark of the Covenant is brought into this bizarre occult adventure and
is described as a kind of battery for astral energy to be used in magical operations. This energy is
the fertilising 'force-field of the Aryans', which is stolen by Hebrew magicians and stored in the
Ark for their own anti-Aryan purposes. The international conspiracy against the Aryans is further
defined when the characters travel to Tibet and meet another German, Juncker ('Aristocrat'),

(35) who tells them that the Asiatic peoples are waiting for a great warrior who will come from
the subterranean realm of Agartha and lead them to domination of the world. We then learn of
the nature of 'Shambala' and 'Agartha', which is another perversion of Buddhist teaching, similar
to that suggested by Ravenscroft in The Spear of Destiny (see Chapter Five). The central point of
Gotzen gegen Thule is that the Third Reich arose with the assistance of the twin power centres
of Agartha and Shambhala and was defeated when it succumbed to the materialistic attractions
of Shambhala, thus destroying the balance between the two. We can look again to Godwin for a
good translation of Landig's original:

The source of material energies of the left hand, which have their seat in Shambala, is the upper-
earth city of power and might, which is ruled by a great King of Fear. But it is the same seat of
Shambala that a part of the western secret brotherhoods and lodges regards as their point of
origin, from which come the promises and warnings of a Lord of the World. This Shambala is a
searchlight of our will! Then there is the second source: Agartha, the inner, underworld realm of
contemplation and its energies. There too is a Lord and King of the World, who promises his
domination. At the proper moment, this center will lead good men against the evil ones; and it is
firmly connected with Brahytma, that is, God. And that is the king to serve, the one who will set
up our empire and rule over the others ... [T]he men in [the Third] Reich ... joined themselves
with the energies of Shambala, of pure force, and in their secret way worked against the other
men of [the] Reich ... And behind these energies which manifest themselves in Shambala stands
the Caucasian, Stalin-Dugaschvili! He knew everything, he knew the men of the circle in [the]
Reich and he played his own cards with them as if they were their own. Stalin-Dugaschvili had
the support of the Lord of Fear and Power against [the] Reich! (36)

In the final stages of the novel, the heroes leave Tibet but are captured in India by the British,
who place them in a prisoner-of-war camp. When they finally return to Germany, it becomes
clear that they will probably never rejoin Point 103, which 'seems to have forgotten them: they
ruefully admit ... that if it still exists, it has probably had to isolate itself completely from the
world of today'.

All that remains to [the Thuleans] is to constitute a 'Fourth Reich in exile/ patiently waiting for
the Age of Pisces to reach its inevitable end. And as the Fish Age passes, so St Peter's religious

tyranny in Rome will crumble ... and the Jewish Ark will lose its potency. Then, says Landig, the
... banner of the Aryans will fly again ... (37)

Added to the weird flights of fancy, Gotzen gegen Thule contains several statements that mark it
out as a work of pernicious historical revisionism, such as Juncker's claim that the bodies in the
liberated concentration camps were actually those of Germans killed in Allied air raids on Munich.
(38) Aside from this, the novel manages to weave together a wide variety of myths, all of which
have come to be associated with the concept of Nazi survival: Nordic mythology, UFOs as man-
made aircraft, the subterranean realms of Shambhala and Agartha, the Flollow Earth, the Holy
Grail, and the international conspiracy to inaugurate a secret One-World Government. While it
might be expected that such a ridiculous and (in its attempt at historical revisionism) morally
reprehensible tale would sink into a merciful literary oblivion, it did nothing of the kind; instead, it
entered the murky realm of the cultural underground, where it was discovered by certain
interested parties who saw in it an opportunity to further their own agendas.

Ernst Zu ridel and 'Samisdat'

The articles in the neo-Nazi publication Brisant did not carry by-lines. Intrigued and unsettled by
the strange information they contained, W. A. Flarbinson embarked on a little detective work,
checking the origins of the magazine and discovering that it had been published in West
Germany by a company that had since disappeared, Lintec GmbFI of Flamburg. According to
Flarbinson, the 'company was not listed with any of the West German press organizations, nor
with any public relations bureau'. (39) Nevertheless, he realised that the information contained in
the Brisant articles had been culled from two books: UFOs. Nazi Secret Weapons? by Mattern
Friedrich and Secret Nazi Polar Expeditions by Christof Friedrich. Both books were published by a
company called Samisdat Publishers Limited of Toronto, Canada.

As Flarbinson notes, 'Mattern Friedrich' and 'Christof Friedrich' are actually pseudonyms for Ernst
Zundel, a Canadian resident but German citizen and one of the most outspoken and active of
those who deny that the Flolocaust occurred. Through his many apparent links with surviving
Nazis in South America and elsewhere, Zundel 'now runs Samisdat Publishers Limited as a
mouthpiece of neo-Nazi propaganda and commercial enterprise, specializing in the sale of Nazi
books, record albums, tape recordings, photographs, medals and other Nazi memorabilia'. (40)
Zundel maintains in his books that UFOs are actually Nazi secret weapons, launched from their
hidden base at or near the South Pole. He also is an advocate (apparently) of the Hollow Earth
Theory, and in his Samisdat newsletter in 1978 advertised an expedition by chartered jet to the
South Pole where, he claimed, the passengers would discover not only Hitler's Antarctic UFO
base but also the entrance to the interior of the planet. A ticket for the chartered flight would
cost $9,999.

The following selection from the Samisdat article will enable the reader to gain some idea of the
nature of Zundel's claims:

ACHTUNG! SAMISDAT NEWS BULLETIN

SAMISDAT HOLLOW EARTH EXPEDITION $9999.00

IN SEARCH OF HOLES IN THE POLES

SEARCH FOR HITLER'S ANTARCTIC U.F.O. BASES ...

Your response to our most recent mailout and activities has been most encouraging! We have
received orders and enquiries from as far away as Noumea in the South Pacific, Easter Island,
Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Panama, Mexico, Soviet Satellite countries, China, South
Africa, Persia, the Congo, Australia, Japan, as well as from every country in Western Europe and
almost every state in the U.S.A. Not only is this response extensive, it is massive - a clear
indication on the part of knowledgeable UFO researchers and members of the public that they

are tired of the 'Junk food' being served up by old-line UFO groups and publications who
expound the official CIA-KGB alibi that all UFOs are extraterrestrial. What the UFO-watching
world wants now is the real meat of the matter - a serious investigation of UFOs whose origins
are terrestrial.

SAMISDAT is the only organization making such an effort, but we are not alone, for we have
thousands of supporters like yourself who want to know the truth which the saucer-charlatans
have for 30 years tried to cover up with fairy-tale fantasies of 'little green men'. It is people like
yourself who have made SAMISDAT the most active UFO Organization and publisher on Planet
Earth! ...

Our discoveries have led us into the production of a number of currently suppressed and
sometimes vilified books which are now underground bestsellers. "UFOs -NAZI SECRET
WEAPON?" was our first title, now sold out in 5 complete editions. Our second book, "SECRET
NAZI POLAR EXPEDITIONS", is coming up fast and has sold out 2 full editions. Foreign-language
translations of these books are selling briskly, and it is becoming obvious to everyone that the
media-enforced blockade of the truth has now been broken. Three additional books are currently
under production and these will round out our Phase I Publishing Program: "THE CIA-KGB-UFO
COVERUP", "THE ANTARCTICA THEORY" and "THE LAST BATTALION".

We have also been able to establish research teams in Canada, the U.S.A. and in particular,
Germany, whose task it is to rediscover basic wingless flight which brought the original Nazi
UFOs into being. Already, these teams have designed and constructed small scale models, some
using conventional power and others which have propulsion systems unprecedented in today's
aerospace technology. With additional research, we hope to make available several different
models in kit form for hobby-builders. Any contributions to these research projects, whether of
ideas or money, will be very much appreciated. Checks should be made out to SAMISDAT with
the notation "For SAMPROJ R-l" ...

For the truly dedicated UFO researcher, SAMISDAT is embarking upon a magnificent and awe-
inspiring experience! We are negotiating with several international airlines and chartered air
carriers in regard to our planned investigation of the "Inner Earth Theory" coupled with our
search for "Hitler's Flying Saucer Bases in Antarctica." Our 'launching pad' for which we are also
negotiating will be located in Rio de Janeiro or Buenos Aires. This site will be the gathering place
for an International UFO Convention which is scheduled to take place some time in 1979 or 1980.
From this convention site, those who are interested and financially able may join Christof
Friedrich and members of a specially-selected SAMISDAT research team on the Antarctic
Expedition who will not only search for Hitler's Saucer Bases in German Antarctica, but who will
further attempt to settle the controversy about Admiral Byrd's "Flight into the Polar Opening" by
actually flying over the South Pole! Our tentative flight path is here shown. It is anticipated that a
specially-prepared, long-range jet will be available for the Antarctic Expedition's polar flight ...

SAMISDAT's Antarctic Expedition in Search of Hitler's Flying Saucer Bases and the South Polar
Opening into Inner Earth will be the unique event of a lifetime. As only a very limited number of
people can be accommodated, our selection standards are of necessity rigorous. The
approximate cost per person on this expedition may be as high as $9,999.00. However, the cost
could be reduced considerably, provided we are able to raise money from our SAMISDAT SERIES
of lectures, tapes, conventions, UFO models and book sales in this interim period. You can help
to realize this dream of a lifetime in several ways:

(1) You can become one of our book distributors by buying SAMISDAT books and other items at
wholesale dealers' prices and then retailing them to friends, colleagues, UFO conventioneers, and
visitors to county fairs, psychic fairs and flea markets. By purchasing SAMISDAT titles in bulk,
you could easily realize almost a 100% profit on each item sold. This money you could then
apply toward your share in the Expedition or use as you see fit.

(2) You can organize a UFO club and hold your own UFO conventions on a profit-sharing basis
with SAMISDAT.

(3) You can help us find sponsors for the Expedition.

(4) If you are rich and conscientious, you can underwrite the whole or part of the Expedition and
realize our goal of a lifetime much, much faster. But empty promises and other hot-air products
from windbags and do-nothings, however well off, will not serve to waft the Expedition to
Antarctica and back. The only thing capable of doing that is cold, hard cash up front. If you've
got what it takes and want to put your money to work right away, then please contact us!

(5) You can set up your own fund-raising campaign for the Expedition. For details and assistance
in regard to these and other ideas, do not hesitate to contact us.

These are but a few of the ways in which we can hasten that glorious day when we board our
sleek, silvery aircraft and wing our way to Antarctica and beyond - to our rendezvous with
history. When we return, we shall have unearthed Inner Earth and/or found evidence of Hitler's
UFO Bases - or we shall have gone a long way toward dispelling two of the most tenaciously
persistent mysteries of our Scientific Era. (41)

The reader will note that Zimdel's apparent intention to launch an expedition to Antarctica could
only be realised if readers of Samisdat bought his products 'in bulk' (needless to say, the charter
flight to the Antarctic never took place). Zundel's apparently nonsensical claims regarding Nazi
UFOs, secret bases at the South Pole and the Flollow Earth hide an altogether more sinister
revisionist agenda.

In fact, Zundel himself has admitted as much. According to Frank Miele, a member of the
Skeptics Society in the United States, who wrote an article on Flolocaust revisionism for that
society's magazine in 1994, Zundel told him that his book UFOs: Nazi Secret Weapons? (which
became an underground bestseller, going through seven printings) was nothing more than a ploy
to attract readers. Said Zundel in a telephone conversation with Miele:

'I realized that North Americans were not interested in being educated. They want to be
entertained. The book was for fun. With a picture of the Fuhrer on the cover and flying saucers
coming out of Antarctica it was a chance to get on radio and TV talk shows. For about 15
minutes of an hour program I'd talk about that esoteric stuff. Then I would start talking about all
those Jewish scientists in concentration camps, working on these secret weapons. And that was
my chance to talk about what I wanted to talk about.' (42)

As one might expect (and hope), Zundel's Flolocaust revisionism has landed him in hot water
with the Canadian authorities. In 1984, criminal proceedings were initiated against him by the
Canadian Government, based on a private complaint made by a Flolocaust survivor named
Sabrina Citron. Zundel was charged under Section 177 of the Criminal Code of Canada, which
makes it a criminal offence to publish wilfully a statement one knows is false and that causes, or
is likely to cause, injury to the public interest. Zundel had published two books by other authors:
The West, War, and Islam and Did Six Million Really Die? Fie was convicted for publishing the
latter title and sentenced to fifteen months in jail. The conviction, however, was overturned on
appeal and a second trial was ordered.

The second trial received massive coverage in the Canadian media, with Zundel calling other
leading revisionists as expert witnesses. Fie was again convicted, but the case was taken to the
Canadian Supreme Court, which found that the statute on false statements was an
unconstitutional violation of free speech. As Miele ironically remarks, Zundel the Flolocaust
revisionist found himself 'a civil libertarian hero of Canada'. (43) Notwithstanding this, several
Canadian Jewish groups have initiated proceedings against him under Canadian anti-hate laws.

Miguel Serrano and the Glorification of Hitler

The strange and esoteric notions that seem so often to go hand in hand with Holocaust
revisionism are most strikingly exemplified by the Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano (b. 1917),
who was Ambassador to India (1953-62), Yugoslavia (1962-64) and Austria (1964-70). (44) The
possessor of a formidable intellect, Serrano wrote on a number of arcane subjects including
Yoga, Tantra and other areas of mysticism, as well as a book on his friendships with Carl Jung
and Hermann Hesse. He also travelled widely in search of wisdom in India, South America and
Antarctica. In 1984 he published a long explication of his mystical and philosophical thought,
entitled Adolf Hitler, el Ultimo Avatara (Adolf Hitler, the Last Avatar), which he dedicates To the
glory of the Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler'. (45)

According to Godwin:

We are to understand the title quite literally; Serrano means that Hitler is the Tenth Avatar of
Vishnu, the Kalki Avatar, who has incarnated to bring about the end of the Kali Yuga and usher
in a New Age. In the terminology of Buddhism, Hitler is a Tulku or a Bodhisattva, who having
previously emancipated himself from bondage to the circles of this world has taken on voluntary
birth for the sake of mankind. Therefore he is beyond criticism. (46)

Serrano believes that Hitler himself is still alive, having escaped from the ruins of Berlin in one of
the Nazi disc-planes, and is continuing to direct an Esoteric War from the safety of a secret realm
at the South Pole. The background to this scenario involves, once again, the legendary land of
Hyperborea and its fabulous inhabitants, with further variations on the theme we have already
discussed (see Chapter Two). According to Serrano, the Hyperboreans were originally from
beyond our galaxy, arriving on Earth in remote antiquity. Their existence has been suppressed by
a monumental conspiracy, which also seeks to misrepresent them as physical 'aliens'; in fact, we
only perceive them as 'flying saucers' because we lack the perception to see them as they really
are. They founded the First Hyperborea here on Earth, a realm that was not composed of
mundane matter but which extended beyond the physical plane of existence created and
controlled by the Demiurge, an inferior god whose first experiments in the creation of intelligent
life resulted in Neanderthal Man. (47)

The Demiurge instituted a cosmic regime by which all creatures would take the Way of the
Ancestors - in other words, they would be reincarnated on Earth indefinitely. This was
unacceptable to the Hyperboreans who preferred to take the Way of the Gods, only being
reincarnated if they chose. The Hyperboreans possessed the power of Vril (see Chapter Three),
which they wielded in their battles with the mechanistic Demiurge. (48) The war between the
Hyperboreans and the Demiurge resulted in the founding of a Second Hyperborea at the North
Pole, taking the form of a physical, circular continent from which the Hyperboreans began to
organise the spiritualisation of the Earth. This would be achieved through the instilling of a single
particle of immortality in the Neanderthals and other proto-humans, which would raise them out
of their semi-animal state.

The Hyperboreans' plans seemed to be going well enough, until they made the mistake of having
sexual intercourse with the creations of the Demiurge. This miscegenation was associated with a
catastrophic cometary impact that caused the North and South Poles to change position. From
that moment on, the Earth became 'the battleground between the Demiurge and the
Hyperboreans, the latter always in danger of diluting their blood'. (49) Godwin quotes Serrano
thus:

'There is nothing more mysterious than blood. Paracelsus considered it a condensation of light. I
believe that the Aryan, Hyperborean blood is that - but not the light of the Golden Sun, not of a
galactic sun, but of the light of the Black Sun ...', (50)

the Black Sun being a symbol not only of the void inside the Hollow Earth but also of the ultimate
void from which all creation flows.

Serrano claims to have met a certain Master who told him that at a certain point in the practice
of Yoga one is able to leave one's body and go through mystical death to reach the Black Sun,
the realm occupied by the Hyperboreans beyond the physical universe. However, such a spiritual
voyage is not within the capabilities of all humanity - only those 'whose blood preserves the
memory of the ancient White, Hyperborean race'. (51)

The Jewish people are seen by Serrano as the instruments of the Demiurge (whom he identifies
with Jehovah). They constitute an 'anti-race' that is engaged in a gigantic conspiracy involving all
the world's institutions, the undeclared enemies of Hyperborean ideals. These ideals gave rise to
the Thule Society, which Serrano claims had links with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
but 'was perverted by the degeneracy of Aleister Crowley and the Jewish Bergsons'. (52)

During the earlier part of Hitler's campaigns, according to Serrano, his intention had simply been
to reconquer the ancient territories of the Aryans or Hyperboreans. Rudolf Hess's flight to
England in 1941 was the last stage of this effort, intended through renewed contacts with the
Golden Dawn to unite Germany with her Aryan cousins, the British, and encourage them also to
purify their race. But after the apparent failure of this mission, Hitler took up his avataric destiny
of total war on all fronts against international Jewry and the Demiurge, attacking them in their
most powerful creation, the Communist Soviet Union. (53)

As with other revisionists, Serrano denies that the Holocaust took place (he calls it the 'Myth of
the Six Million') on the grounds that the German is heroic but not cruel (cruelty being an attribute
of mixed blood). Indeed, during the Second World War, the Nazis were allegedly concentrating
on the perfection of 'magical realism', including the development of disc-planes, establishing
contact with ascended Masters in Tibet and dematerialisation. Hitler himself did not commit
suicide but escaped through an underground passage, designed by Albert Speer, connecting the
Bunker with Tempelhof Airfield where he boarded one of the disc-planes and left the ruins of the
Third Reich behind. (54)

As Godwin notes, quoting the Chilean writer thus, Serrano here enters realms usually identified
with the bizarre fringes of ufology and cosmology:

Had the German submarines discovered at the North Pole or in John Dee's Greenland the exact
point through which one penetrates, as through a black funnel, going to connect with the Other
Pole, emerging in that paradisal land and sea that are no longer here, yet exist? An impregnable
paradise, from which one can continue the war and win it - for when this war is lost, the other is
won. The Golden Age, Ultima Thule, Hyperborea, the other side of things; so easy and so difficult
to attain. The inner earth, the Other Earth, the counter-earth, the astral earth, to which one
passes as it were with a 'click'; a bilocation, or trilocation of space. (55)

Serrano believes that the Hollow Earth is still inhabited by the First Hyperboreans and that the
Nazis found a way through to their realm via the South Pole, a belief shared (apparently) by the
French writer Jean Robin - although it must be added that Robin is no denier of the Holocaust. In
1989, Robin published his Operation Orth, which offers the account, supposedly given to Robin
by a friend, of a journey to a subterranean complex made aboard a flying saucer that could pass
through solid rock. The underground city was near the Chilean coastal city of Valparaiso, north of
Santiago; it had a population of some 350,000, all of whom were members of the Black Order
and some of whom were Jews who blamed 'their fellows for their "refusal to collaborate" with
the evolutionary process'. (56) Robin's story differs from other Nazi-survival myths in that Hitler
died in this new Agartha in 1953 and his body was placed in a transparent, hexagonal casket.
Rather astonishingly, this casket also contained the body of the Swedish diplomat Raoul
Wallenberg, who saved thousands of Jews from the concentration camps and who mysteriously
disappeared at the end of the war. Godwin is justifiably nonplussed by this:

Operation Orth poses every manner of problem ... to the reader, who can only wonder what
prompted Jean Robin to present the shocking images of Hitler and Wallenberg reconciled, and
the casual dismissal of the Holocaust by the Jews of the Black Order. In the context of

Guenonian attitudes, which are nothing if not respectful of the Jewish people and their tradition,
there is nothing to be said, unless it be that Robin actually accepts his friend's account, and is
warning us of the [evolutionary process's] final obscenity. (57)

Alternative 3

Anyone familiar with the above phrase will surely be wondering what possible significance it can
have to the present study. I have decided to discuss it for two reasons: firstly, the terrifying
conspiracy-to-end-all-conspiracies known as 'Alternative 3' has been implicated by more than one
writer in the ongoing saga of ultra-secret Nazi activities; and secondly because, since Alternative
3 was actually nothing more than a cleverly engineered hoax, it offers us a salutary lesson in
how the public can be manipulated by fantasy and propaganda masquerading as fact. Since
many readers may be unfamiliar with Alternative 3, we must review its principal elements before
turning our attention to the Nazi connection and the reasons why, even today, it is still believed
by many to be essentially true.

The tale begins on 20 June 1977, when the UK Independent Television Company Anglia
transmitted a documentary programme in its highly regarded Science Report series. The
programme was entitled Alternative 3, and the British TV guide TV Times had this to say about
it: 'What this programme shows may be considered unethical, but this film is transmitted ... as a
challenge to those who know the answers to the questions raised to tell the truth.' (58) The
programme finished at 10p.m., and from then until midnight and throughout the following day
Anglia Television was swamped with telephone calls (10,000, according to one estimate), some
from people who had enjoyed the programme and wanted to know if there was any truth in it
but many from viewers who were genuinely frightened by its 'revelations' and who wanted to
know what was being done about them. Anglia hastily issued a statement assuring its viewers
that Alternative 3 had, in fact, originally been meant as an April Fool's Day joke - as evidenced by
the closing credits, which included the copyright caption: 'Anglia Television - April 1, 1977'.

Shortly before the transmission, Anglia had issued a press release, stating:

A team of journalists investigating, among other topical subjects, the drought of 1976, and the
changes in the world's atmospheric conditions, and also a disturbing rise in the statistics of
disappearing people, follow a trail of information and scientific research through England and
America.

A Cambridge scientist and an ex-astronaut living in unpublicised retirement following a nervous
breakdown, are among the links in their investigations, which come together finally in some
strange discoveries about the future of life on Earth and elsewhere in the Solar System.

As a result of our private screenings a few weeks ago, this programme has been acquired for
simultaneous transmission in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Denmark and Iceland and will be
seen eventually in the majority of European and Asian markets.

The programme's theme may seem extraordinary, but it is scientifically possible. The question is,
how far does it mirror the truth?

On the day of the transmission, journalist Kenneth Flughes, who had gained access to some of
the material to be presented, wrote an article in the London Daily Mirror entitled 'WHAT ON
EARTH IS GOING ON?'

A science programme is likely to keep millions of Britons glued to their armchairs.

ALTERNATIVE 3 ... is an investigation into the disappearance of several scientists.

They seem simply to have vanished from the face of the Earth.

Chilling news is read by former ITV newscaster Simon Butler who gives a gloomy report on the
future.

The programme will be screened in several other countries - but not in America. Network bosses
there want to assess its effect on British viewers.

The programme's structure centred on a series of interviews with one Dr Carl Gerstein, who
described the hideous nature of Alternative 3. Dr Gerstein claimed to have attended a secret
conference in Huntsville, Alabama in 1957, at which it was agreed that industrial pollution and
the accompanying greenhouse effect (caused by high levels of carbon dioxide trapping heat
within the atmosphere) was destroying the Earth's biosphere, and that the decline in air quality
was irreversible, so that by the year 2000 the Earth would undergo a complete environmental
collapse, wiping out most life (including humanity).

Three alternatives for survival were suggested. Alternative 1 called for the deployment of a large
number of nuclear bombs in the upper atmosphere. It was suggested that their detonation would
blow holes in the carbon dioxide envelope, allowing the excess heat in the atmosphere to escape
into space. This idea was rejected on the grounds that it would have replaced one problem with
another - a massive amount of radiation in the atmosphere. Gerstein's description of Alternative
2 takes us right back to the subterranean realms discussed in Chapter Seven. In the book version
of Alternative 3, Gerstein is quoted thus:

'Alternative 2, in my view, was even crazier than Alternative 1. 1 recognise, of course, that there
is enough atmosphere locked in the soil to support life but ... no, this was the most unrealistic of
all the alternatives.

'There is good reason to believe that this world was once more civilised and far more
scientifically advanced than it is today. Our really distant ancestors, living millennia before what
we call Prehistoric Man, had progressed far beyond our present state of knowledge.

'Then, it is argued, there was some cataclysmic disaster - maybe one comparable with that
facing us now - and these highly sophisticated people built completely new civilisations deep
beneath the surface of the earth ...

'There is evidence, quite considerable evidence, to suggest that there were once whole cities -
linked by an elaborate complex of tunnels - far below the surface. Remains of them have been
found under many parts of the world. Under South America ... China ... Russia ... oh, all over the
place. And in this subterranean world, so it is said, there is a green luminescence which replaces
the sun as a source of energy - and which makes it possible for crops to be grown ...

'Maybe there's some historical truth in the Biblical story of the great Flood. Maybe the disaster
which drove them there in the first place was followed by the Flood - and they were all trapped
and drowned down there. Maybe that's how their civilisations ended ...

'And it could follow that the people we think of as prehistoric Men were merely the descendants
of a handful of survivors - the real children of Noah, if you accept the Bible version - who had to
start from scratch in a world which had been utterly devastated. Is that why they took so
naturally - instinctively, if you like -to living in caves? Then the agonisingly slow process of
rebuilding the world started all over again until now we find ourselves in a similar position ...'

(59)

Thus, Alternative 2 called for the evacuation of the world's elites (the rest would have to take
their chances on the surface) into these abandoned cities. However, this alternative was also
discarded, since the heat from the greenhouse effect would eventually permeate down through
the Earth's crust, making life equally impossible for those living underground.

The only option left was Alternative 3, which called for the evacuation (of the elites, once again)
from Earth to Mars. Gerstein reiterated the theory that the Red Planet was once inhabited, and
that its atmosphere might still be locked away in the soil. He added that in 1959 a Russian rocket
had exploded on the launch pad, killing a large number of people and devastating the
surrounding area. The implication was that the rocket had been carrying a nuclear device whose

detonation would have unlocked the atmosphere on Mars and transformed it into a habitable
planet once again. Gerstein went on to suggest that another rocket might have been sent to
Mars, and that this mission might have been successful.

The Alternative 3 programme also contained some footage of an alleged top secret unmanned
mission to Mars, undertaken by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962. The film showed
the rocky landscape of Mars, seen from the approaching probe, accompanied by Russian and
American voices. Near the end of the footage, an American voice said: 'That's it! We got it ... we
got it! Boy, if they ever take the wraps off this thing, it's going to be the biggest date in history!
May 22, 1962. We're on the planet Mars - and we have air!' The presenter of the programme,

Tim Brinton, commented that there must have been a very good reason why the true conditions
on Mars were kept from the public, and why the mission had been jointly undertaken by the US
and the USSR. The implication was of an ultra-secret interplanetary project which, Brinton
claimed, could well be Gerstein's Alternative 3. (60)

By way of corroborative 'evidence', the makers of Alternative 3 pointed to the large numbers of
people who go missing throughout the world each year, suggesting that many are actually being
abducted by the Alternative 3 controllers and transformed, through surgical and chemical means,
into mindless slave labourers who are then transported as 'Batch Consignments' to the colony on
Mars. These hapless victims are referred to as 'superfluous people' by the controllers, who see
their barbaric treatment as perfectly acceptable.

The controllers were also interested in recruiting scientists and academics from a wide range of
disciplines. These personnel were called 'Designated Movers', and apparently accounted for the
so-called 'brain drain' of the 1960s and 1970s whereby many scientists left Britain, ostensibly to
take up better-paid posts overseas. (It was claimed that an investigation of the brain drain had
been the original impetus behind the Science Report programme.) The entire operation was
headquartered in Geneva and was also controlled, in typical James Bond fashion, by a fleet of
nuclear submarines stationed underneath the North Polar ice cap. Here the controllers ensured
the conspiracy's continued secrecy by arranging 'hot jobs' (remote-controlled spontaneous
human combustion) for those investigators who got too close to the truth.

The ingenious makers of Alternative 3 also brought in the NASA Moon flights as more evidence of
the conspiracy. The reader may be aware that the Apollo programme is a firm favourite of
conspiratologists, some of whom maintain that NASA is hiding the discovery of derelict alien
cities on the Moon, while others claim that all of the Moon landings were actually hoaxed, with
the astronauts bouncing around a sound stage somewhere in Nevada or California. In Alternative
3, it was suggested that the Apollo astronauts did not stumble upon a derelict alien city but a
fully functioning man-made way station for flights en route to the Martian colony. The following
transcript of a conversation between Mission Control in Houston, Texas and an astronaut named
Bob Grodin was presented in the book:

MISSION CONTROL: Could you take a look out over that flat area there? Do you see anything
beyond?

GRODIN: There's a kind of a ridge with a pretty spectacular ... oh, my God! What is that there?
That's all I want to know! What the hell is that?

MISSION CONTROL: Roger. Interesting. Go Tango ... immediately ... go Tango ...

GRODIN: There's a kind of a light now ...

MISSION CONTROL (hurriedly): Roger. We've got it, we've marked it. Lose a little
communication, huh? Bravo Tango ... Bravo Tango ... select Jezebel, Jezebel...

GRODIN: Yeah ... yeah ... but this is unbelievable ... recorder off ... (61)

Another transcript, this time between astronauts Scott and Irwin and Mission Control during their
Moonwalk in August 1971, runs thus:

SCOTT: Arrowhead really runs east to west.

MISSION CONTROL: Roger, we copy.

IRWIN: Tracks here as we go down slope.

MISSION CONTROL: Just follow the tracks, huh?

IRWIN: Right ... we're (garble) ... we know that's a fairly good run. We're bearing 320, hitting
range for 413 ... I can't get over those lineations, that layering on Mount Hadley.

SCOTT: I can't either. That's really spectacular.

IRWIN: They sure look beautiful.

SCOTT: Talk about organization!

IRWIN: That's the most organized structure I've ever seen!

SCOTT: It's (garble) ... so uniform in width . . .

IRWIN: Nothing we've seen before this has shown such uniform thickness from the top of the
tracks to the bottom. (62)

The book version of Alternative 3 also contains an episode described by an inside source calling
himself 'Trojan'. The events occurred in a base inside the crater Archimedes, which lies on the
western border of the Mare Imbrium. The Archimedes Base is allegedly a large transit camp
beneath a hermetically sealed transparent dome. Here one of the Designated Movers, a marine
biologist named Matt Anderson, secretly visited a segregated area where the Batch
Consignments of slaves were housed. In this slave village, Anderson encountered a childhood
friend. Having yet to undergo the psychological conditioning that enabled the Designated Movers
to accept the concept of slavery, Anderson was appalled and decided to escape with as many
slaves as possible and expose the horror of Alternative 3.

Teaming up with a NASA-trained aerospace technician named Cowers, Anderson managed to get
84 slaves aboard a Moon ship and headed for one of the gigantic airlocks in the dome. However,
a technician in the main control room saw what was happening and raised the alarm. The airlock
was sealed shut and Gowers, who was flying the ship, panicked and lost control, sending it
crashing into the dome. The resulting explosion tore a hole in the protective shell and the
resultant cataclysmic depressurisation killed almost everyone at the base. As a result of this
disaster, an earlier base in the crater Cassini was redeveloped, and Alternative 3 is going ahead
as planned.

As mentioned, the huge number of telephone calls from concerned viewers resulted in a speedy
statement from Anglia Television that Alternative 3 had been an April Fool's Day jape and
nothing more. Indeed, the participation of several quite well-known actors (one of whom
appeared in a dog food commercial before the beginning of the programme!) could mean little
else. In spite of this, Alternative 3 has taken on a life of its own, offering a kind of template for
the suspicions of other writers and conspiracy researchers.

Most notable among these is the American conspiratologist Jim Keith (who sadly died in
September 1999). In his Casebook on Alternative 3 (1994), he lists more than 30 scientists
connected with the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) 'Star Wars' anti-missile project who either
committed suicide, disappeared or otherwise died in mysterious circumstances. This parallel with
the missing scientists in the Alternative 3 scenario is an example of Keith's case as presented in
his book. When the conspiracy is examined closely, its principal elements become recognisable
aspects of other conspiracy theories. It is as if the creators of the Anglia Television programme
had pre-empted the protagonists of Umberto Eco's novel Foucault's Pendulum, in which a small
group of bored intellectuals working for a publisher of esoteric texts take all the information they
can find on secret societies and historical conspiracies, and feed it into a computer nicknamed

'Abulafia' (after the Cabalist). The computer then links all of the snippets it has been given into a
cogent and internally consistent (although completely fictitious) scenario in which all the secret
societies in history have handed down to each other the elements of a fantastic Secret that will
give the holder incredible power. Through indiscretion, word of the protagonists' discovery
spreads through the international network of contemporary secret occult groups, who then
hound the intellectuals (literally) to death, thinking that they have the Secret. The book's hero,
Casaubon, meets his death at the hands of occultists who wish the Secret to remain a secret.

With Alternative 3, we can see a similar process at work. The basic template of a secret power
elite making plans to abandon a dying Earth and colonise Mars offers the basis for a wider and
more elaborate scenario. It begins with the rise of human civilisation, which from its very
inception contained the roots of a powerful and totally unscrupulous elite that has secretly
directed the course of history for thousands of years. In the twentieth century (with which we
are primarily concerned in this chapter), the most extreme and barbaric example of this power
elite at work was Nazi ideology.

Jim Keith makes the interesting point that Hitler himself conceived of four 'alternatives' to deal
with the coming world of scarcity that he envisaged. In Mein Kampf Hitler wrote:

A clear examination of the premises for foreign activity on the part of German statecraft
inevitably led to the following conviction:

Germany has an annual increase in population of nearly nine hundred thousand souls. The
difficulty of feeding this army of new citizens must grow greater from year to year and ultimately
end in catastrophe, unless ways and means are found to forestall the danger of starvation and
misery in time.

There were four ways of avoiding so terrible a development for the future:

1. Following the French example, the increase of births could be artificially restricted, thus
meeting the problem of over-population ...

2. A second way would be one which today we, time and time again, see proposed and
recommended: internal colonisation ...

3. Either new soil could be acquired and the superfluous millions sent off each year, thus keeping
the nation on a self-sustaining basis; or we could

4. Produce for foreign needs through industry and commerce, and defray the cost of living from
the proceeds. (63)

Hitler rejected the first of these options on the grounds that the self-limitation of a population
through birth control would necessarily result in a weakening of that population, since the natural
laws of Darwinian survival of the fittest would be circumvented. 'For as soon as procreation as
such is limited and the number of births diminished, the natural struggle for existence which
leaves only the strongest and healthiest alive is obviously replaced by the obvious desire to 'save'
even the weakest and most sickly at any price, and this plants the seed of a future generation
which must inevitably grow more and more deplorable the longer this mockery of Nature and her
will continues.' (64)

The second option - of 'internal colonisation' and the increase of resource-yield within Germany -
he rejected on the grounds that it could not be sustained indefinitely: 'Without doubt the
productivity of the soil can be increased up to a certain limit. But only up to a certain limit, and
not continuously without end. For a certain time it will be possible to compensate for the increase
of the German people without having to think of hunger, by increasing the productivity of our
soil. But beside this, we must face the fact that our demands on life ordinarily rise even more
rapidly than the number of the population.' (65)

The third option refers, of course, to the concept of Lebensraum:

The acquisition of new soil for the settlement of the excess population possesses an infinite
number of advantages, particularly if we turn from the present to the future. ... We must ...
coolly and objectively adopt the standpoint that it can certainly not be the intention of Heaven to
give one people fifty times as much land and soil in this world as another. In this case we must
not let political boundaries obscure for us the boundaries of eternal justice. If this earth really
has room for all to live in, let us be given the soil we need for our livelihood.

True, they will not willingly do this. But then the law of self-preservation goes into effect; and
what is refused to amicable methods, it is up to the fist to take. (66)

The fourth option, which relied on German interdependence with other nations through
international commerce, Hitler rejected on the grounds that the survival of the Aryan race would
necessarily depend on the activities of other nation states:

If ... Germany took this road, she should at least have clearly recognised that this development
would some day ... end in struggle. Only children could have thought that they could get their
bananas in the 'peaceful contest of nations', by friendly and moral conduct and constant
emphasis on their peaceful intentions, as they so high-soundingly and unctuously babbled; in
other words, without ever having to take up arms. (67)

Having made the interesting but rather tenuous connection between Hitler's alternatives and the
possible options stated in Alternative 3 (the former referring to Hitler's perception of the
problems facing the German people; the latter referring to the problems facing humanity as a
whole), Keith then quotes a passage from Mein Kampf in which Hitler writes:

[T]he folkish philosophy finds the importance of mankind in its basic racial elements. In the state
it sees on principle only a means to an end and construes its end as the preservation of the racial
existence of man. ... And so the folkish philosophy of life corresponds to the innermost will of
Nature, since it restores that free play of forces which must lead to a continuous mutual higher
breeding, until at last the best of humanity, having achieved possession of this earth, will have a
free path for activity in domains which will he partly above it and partly outside it. (68) [Keith's
emphasis.]

Keith considers it highly significant that Hitler should have mentioned domains lying above and
outside the Earth, in view of the events following the defeat of the Third Reich. He continues:

Summing up ideas that seem to add up to ... Alternative 3, we are familiar with the advanced
disk aircraft designs perfected by the Nazis during World War II, and also know that the
American space program was run by prominent Nazis, or at least ex-Nazis. Nazi interests have
also been entwined, since the emergence of the philosophy, with other totalitarian control
mechanisms of the world, with the intelligence, police, and psychiatric establishments, with
eugenics and genetic research, as well as with the plans of monied elites whose philosophies
might better be defined in parapolitical, rather than political terms. (69)

We have already examined the theory of German flying discs in Chapter Eight, and noted at the
beginning of this chapter that many prominent Nazis were transferred to the United States at the
end of the war, under Project PAPERCLIP - including Wernher von Braun, who designed much of
the hardware for NASA's Apollo programme. With regard to the continuation of Nazi objectives in
the post-war years, mentioned earlier in this chapter, Keith offers the following quote from the
Research and Analysis branch of the OSS from 1945:

The Nazi regime in Germany has developed well-arranged plans for the perpetuation of Nazi
doctrines after the war. Some of these plans have already been put into operation and others are
ready to be launched on a widespread scale immediately upon termination of hostilities in Europe
. . . Nazi party members, German industrialists and the German military, realizing that victory can
no longer be attained, are now developing post-war commercial projects, endeavouring to renew
and cement friendships in foreign commercial circles and planning for renewals of pre-war cartel
agreements. German technicians, cultural experts and undercover agents have well-laid plans to

infiltrate into foreign countries with the object of developing economic, cultural and political ties.
German technicians and scientific research experts will be made available at low cost to industrial
firms and technical schools in foreign countries. German capital and plans for the construction of
ultra-modern technical schools and research laboratories will be offered at extremely favorable
terms since they will afford the Germans an excellent opportunity to design and perfect new
weapons. (70)

For conspiratologists such as Keith, the fabric of Alternative 3 can be unwoven to reveal its
component strands, all of which seem to be supported by evidence of varying quality. As Keith
himself states: 'One of the difficulties in researching Alternative 3 was that the evidence kept
leading me in a direction I wasn't particularly happy to go in: toward the Nazis. ... A possibility,
which I admit is wild speculation, yet at the same time comprises a startling alignment of facts, is
that Alternative 3 is an expression of Nazi occult doctrine and that there is a long term elitist
program to abandon Earth and to implement another step in Hitler's "Final Solution".' (71)

The component strands of Keith's vision of Alternative 3 can be summarised as follows: Towards
the end of the Second World War, the Nazis developed radical aircraft designs, including the Foo
Fighters and larger, manned flying discs. The plans for these machines, along with a number of
components and scientific personnel, were transferred to a hidden colony in Neu Schwabenland,
Antarctica in the closing stages of the war. The two operations known as 'Eagle Flight' and
'Paperclip' ensured that Nazi financial interests and espionage respectively were maintained after
the war's end. Given that colonies of Nazis continue to exist in Antarctica and South America, it is
probable that their own aerospace research has continued unabated, to the point where they
have made manned spaceflight safe and routine. The discovery that life on Earth is doomed as a
result of pollution and overpopulation led to the formulation of Alternative 3, whereby the
monied elites of the world would effectively jump ship and establish a human colony on Mars.

Far from being mortal enemies, the United States and the Soviet Union were actually the closest
of allies: the Cold War was a monumental con on the rest of humanity, which unwittingly
supplied the slave labour required for the gigantic construction projects. The Nazi survivors, one
of the main players in this scenario of secret world history, saw this as a perfect opportunity to
continue with the creation of a master race, with their Lebensraum relocated to Mars. Keith
continues:

My belief is that the Nazis have been major, but far from the only players in the game of world
domination since the end of World War II: one among many heads of the Flydra. Influential
Nazis (possibly including Hitler) have been behind the scenes since the end of the war, creating
and implementing schemes for the ultimate triumph of Die Neuordnung [New Order]. Almost all
of Hitler's cohorts survived Nuremberg and may have been involved in manipulations including
international terrorism and the establishment of drug and arms markets, as well as in
collaboration with other more 'respectable' networks of world influence.

While I cannot state with certainty that Nazis are creating the 'real' domination of Alternative 3,
that they have constructed or are constructing bases on Mars or the moon to carry the ancient
Grail of Aryan racial purity away from what they conceive as a cataclysm-doomed Earth, I do
have to wonder at the logic and symmetry of detail. (72)

The complex, interconnected system of rumours -paranormal, historical and political - that has
grown up around Alternative 3 is perhaps the most extreme expression of the post-war Nazi-
survival idea. Indeed, its very extremeness provides a perfect example of the way in which
seemingly unconnected mysteries, truths and half-truths can take on an independent life that
quickly rages beyond control, spawning fantastically baroque conspiracy theories that bear scant
resemblance to the components from which they arose.

Conclusion: the myth machine

The Reality and Fantasy of Nazi Occultism

Occultism is a curious and fecund beast. Beliefs, and the events to which they give rise, have a
frequently unfortunate habit of generating additional beliefs. If, as in the case of Nazi occultism,
the initial beliefs were little more than crypto-historical idiocies, there can be little hope of
improvement in their ideological progeny. This book has been as much a history of belief about
Nazi occultism as about Nazi occultism itself, and there is little doubt that the principal driving
force behind the development of this belief is an attempt to explain the dreadful aberration that
was the Third Reich.

Given that human beings have always been fascinated with the occult and the supernatural,
precisely because they promise so much in offering the prospect of a higher meaning to the
vagaries of existence, and given also our quest for an answer to the problem of evil, it is only to
be expected that many should seek to explain Nazism in terms that transcend the merely human.
We noted in the Introduction that some serious orthodox historians place Hitler outside the
spectrum of human behaviour - a spectrum that includes the most barbarous of crimes. Hitler is
seen by them as uniquely evil, wicked beyond even the human capacity for wickedness. Others,
who are inclined to accept the reality of a cosmic evil originating beyond humanity, in some
Outer Darkness eternally forsaken by God, see Hitler and the Nazis as examples of how, given
the right circumstances, this Darkness can enter humanity, an 'eruption of demonism into
history'.

Nevertheless, the demonic can easily be confused with insanity: one shudders to think of the
number of unfortunates throughout history whose madness was mistaken by their fellows for
possession by the forces of Darkness. We have seen that the origins of National Socialism can be
traced to volkisch occultists who believed wholeheartedly not only in the existence of a
prehistoric Germanic race of superhumans but also that their very superiority had been
transmitted through the ages to modern Germans by means of a magically active, pure Aryan
blood. The bizarre occult statements of Theosophists such as Madame Blavatsky, Rudolf Steiner
and others seemed to offer evidence of the existence of a fabulous Aryan race that established
great civilisations on the lost continents of Atlantis, Lemuria and the mythical island of Thule in
the incredibly remote past.

The idea of genuine Nazi occult power (as opposed to Nazi belief in that power) seems to have
arisen out of our own continuing fascination with the legends in which the volkisch and Pan-
German occultists believed so fervently. Belief in all aspects of the paranormal is extremely
prevalent, whether it be belief in alien visitation, the spirits of the dead, dark and demonic forces
from beyond the realm of humanity, or technologically advanced prehistoric civilisations such as
those of Atlantis and Lemuria; and it seems to me that this belief lies at the core of the
mythological development of Nazi occultism that has occurred in the second half of the twentieth
century. For if the supernatural really exists, might not the Nazis have discovered a way to
harness its power to further their dreadful ambitions?

The answer to this question must be negative: we have already seen that the evidence for
Hitler's initiation into the mysteries of the black arts is non-existent, while the evidence for his
utter contempt for mysticism of any kind (particularly that practised by Himmler in Wewelsburg,
his sick joke of a Grail castle) is documented time and again. Indeed, such was Hitler's lack of
interest in these matters that he never deigned even to visit Wewelsburg. What of Himmler,
then? Did he not practise dark rites with his SS Gruppenfuhrers in their Order Castle, attempting
to contact the souls of long-departed Teutons? The answer to this question is, of course, yes.
However, occult-orientated writers have, over the years, continually made the same mistake in
claiming that, because Himmler attempted to contact supernatural forces, those forces exist to
be contacted. I consider myself a sceptic, rather than an incredulous doubter, [*] and so I
cannot say that supernatural forces do not exist, any more than I can say that they do exist. In

truth, no one can. But we must not allow ourselves to make any connection whatsoever between
Himmler's ideas on the supernatural and the veracity of the supernatural itself.

Ken Anderson makes an interesting point in his Hitler and the Occult:

From early in their rise to power Hitler and his Nazis were enveloped in an aura of mysticism
almost despite themselves. This aura appears closer to the experience of occultism than any
other major movement in the twentieth century. Hitler came to personify the invisible structure
which became the occult myth dealt with here.

With the help of contemporary occult writers, the illusion is today more pervasive. We find no
such occult mystique surrounding other aberrations of civilisation ...'

To this we might add that the aura of mysticism surrounding the Nazis was enhanced and
disseminated throughout German society by means of photography and cinema, notably Leni
Riefenstahl's virulently propagandist films, which include Triumph of the Will and Olympia, and
which glorify German-ness and emphasise the inherent superiority of the Aryan race. The Nazis
were nothing if not masters of self-promotion.

Note:

(*) See the quote from Umberto Eco at the front of this book.

Just as the early volkisch occultists took various elements of prehistoric mythology to construct a
totally spurious history for the Germanic 'master race', so many occult-orientated writers have
taken the image of the Nazi black magician and his diabolical allies and with it have attempted to
create an equally spurious history of the Third Reich. The insubstantial edifice of their wild
speculations is 'supported' by the incorporation of Eastern mysticism, with its tales of hidden
cities inhabited by ascended masters who are the real controllers of humanity's destiny on Earth.
Whatever their veracity, these myths are exquisitely beautiful and elaborate, and it is something
of a tragedy that they should have been hijacked by Western writers in their quest to connect
Nazism with a putative source of genuine occult power in the East.

We have also seen how Nazi cosmology, with its utterly insane notions of 'World Ice' and the
Earth as a bubble in an infinity of rock, arose from the grandiose but untenable cosmological
theories of previous centuries. Moreover, after the end of the Second World War they became
part of the twentieth-century fascination with alternative cosmologies, including the Hollow Earth
theory, which has stubbornly persisted to this day.

Another example of how the Third Reich generated strange rumours can be seen in the concept
of the Nazi flying discs, which arose partly from admittedly intriguing (but still inconclusive)
evidence, and partly from the unassailable evidence that Nazi scientists were indeed
experimenting with radical aircraft designs and weapons systems. Thanks to clever manipulators
of public opinion such as Ray Palmer, the quite possibly genuine mystery of the UFOs was
'explained' in terms of the rumours that the Nazis had actually perfected high-performance disc-
shaped aircraft.

As we have seen, this in turn gave rise to the idea that these disc-planes were used by high-
ranking Nazis to escape from the Allies during the fall of Berlin. Once again, it is clear that the
various outlandish claims of Nazi hideouts in Antarctica owe their inception to genuinely puzzling
events such as Admiral Byrd's apparently disastrous Operation Highjump, in addition to the
indisputable fact that many Nazi war criminals did indeed escape from the ruins of the Third
Reich to take up residence in various South American countries. All of this provides conspiracy

theorists with a heady mixture of components with which to construct their nightmarish scenario
of hideous clandestine forces maliciously pulling the strings on which we all dance. At the risk of
offering a cliche, what we have here is a classic example of putting two and two together and
getting five.

As we noted in the Introduction, with the passage of time and the deaths of important first-hand
witnesses any chance of finding an adequate explanation of Nazism and the horrors it unleashed
has now almost certainly been lost. We are left with the awful question that will continue to
haunt us for as long as we remain human: why? The question is made more awful by the
likelihood that the answer lies not in Outer Darkness, not in the 'Absolute Elsewhere', but much
closer, in that most frightening and ill-explored of realms: the human mind.

Notes

Introduction: search fora map of hell

1. Rosenbaum 1999, p. xiii.

2. Ibid , p. xvi.

3. Davies 1997, p. 40.

4. Ibid.

5. Godwin 1993, p. 63.

6. Trevor-Roper 1995, p. xxviii.

7. Rosenbaum 1999, p. xv.

8. Ibid., p. xxi.

9. Ibid., p. xxii.

10. Ibid., p. xxii.

11. Ibid., p xxiii.

12. Ibid., p. xxvii.

13. Ibid., p. xxxv.

14. Ibid., p. xliii. 15 Ibid., xliv. 16. Ibid., p. xlvi.

1 - Ancestry, blood and nature

1. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 7. Anyone attempting to examine the origins of Nazi occultism will
necessarily owe a considerable debt to The Occult Roots of Nazism, a debt which the present
author gratefully acknowledges. This is still by far the most level-headed, well-written and
researched book covering this period; indeed, it remains the yardstick against which all writing
on German occultism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries should be judged.

2. German Genealogy Habsburg Empire, from the German Genealogy Homepage at:
http://w3q.med.uni-qiessen.de/qene/req/ahel814.html

3. Sowards, Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History.

4. Davies 1997, p. 829.

5. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 3.

6. Ibid., p. 4.

7. Ibid., p. 5.

8. Davidson 1997, p 11.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., p. 13.

11. Ibid., p. 14.

12. Ibid.

13. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 10.

14. Ibid.

15. Davidson 1997, p. 11.

16. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 12.

17. Ibid., p. 12.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 13.

20. Maser 1973, p. 170.

21. Cited in Maser 1973, p. 170.

22. Baigent and Leigh 1997, p. 24.

23. Ibid.

24. Guiley 1991, pp. 259-60; Baigent and Leigh 1997, p. 22.

25. Washington 1996, pp. 29-31.

26. Ibid., p. 27.

27. Ibid., p. 51.

28. Ibid., p. 32.

29. Ibid., p. 33.

30. Wilson 1996, p. 111.

31. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 21.

32. Ibid., pp. 22-23.

33. Ibid., p. 23

34. Ibid., p. 25.

35. Ibid., p. 28

36. Ibid., p. 56.

37. New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology 1985, p. 248.

38. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 49-50.

39. Ibid., p. 50.

40. Ibid.

41. Kershaw 1998, p. 50.

42. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 53.

43. New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology 1985, pp. 248-9.

44. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 54.

45. Kershaw 1998, p. 50.

46. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 106.

47. Ibid., p. 108.

48. Runciman 1952, p. 127.

49. Daraul 1994, p. 40.

50. Guiley 1991, p. 416.

51. Daraul 1994, p. 40.

52. Guiley 1991, p. 416.

53. Ibid., p. 417.

54. Ibid.

55. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 108.

56. Ibid., p. 109.

57. Ibid., p. 95.

58. Levenda 1995, p. 44.

59. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p, 124,

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid., p. 125.

62. Payne 1995, p. 31.

63. Ibid.

64. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 125.

65. Ibid., p. 126.

66. Ibid., p. 127.

67. Ibid., p. 128.

68. Ibid., p. 129.

69. Ibid., p. 130.

70. Ibid.

71. Ibid., p. 131.

72. Ibid., p. 133.

73. Davidson 1997, p. 137.

74. Godwin 1993, pp. 48-9.

75. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 144.

76. Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam (Before Hitler Came), 1934, p. 57. Quoted in
Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 145.

77. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 155.

78. Ibid., p. 157.

79. Ibid., p. 159.

80. Ibid., p. 161.

81. Ibid., pp. 161-2.

82. Ibid., p. 162.

2 - Fantastic prehistory

1. Godwin 1993, p. 37.

2. Ibid., p. 38.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., p. 39.

5. Ibid., p. 40.

6. Ernest Renan, Reves (Dreams), 1876, quoted in Godwin 1993, pp. 40-41.

7. Ibid., p. 27.

8. Ibid., p. 29.

9. Ibid., p. 30.

10. Ibid., p 32.

11. Ibid , p. 33.

12. Ibid., p. 34.

13. Blavatsky II 1999, p. 7.

14. Ibid., p. 8.

15. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

16. Ibid., p. 404.

17. Godwin 1993, pp. 20-21.

18. Ibid., p. 22.

19. Ibid., pp. 22-23.

20. Ibid., pp. 23-24.

21. Levenda 1995, p. 14.

22. Ibid., p. 15.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 23.

25. Rosenbaum 1999, p. 55.

26. Levenda 1995, p. 24.

27. Hitler 1998, p. 279.

28. Rosenbaum 1999, p. 57.

29. Levenda 1995, p. 15.

30. Washington 1996, p. 283.

31. Levenda 1995, p. 16.

32. Godwin 1993, pp. 47-48.

33. Levenda 1995, p. 168.

34. Quoted in Levenda 1995, p. 170.

35. Speer 1998, p. 150.

36. Quoted in Godwin 1993, pp. 56-57.

37. Quoted in Levenda 1995, pp. 171-2.

38. Harbinson 1996, p. 247.

39. Godwin 1993, p. 146.

40. Ibid., pp. 146-7.

41. Ibid., p. 147.

42. Ibid., p. 148.

43. Ibid

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid., pp. 148-9.

46. King 1976, p. 116.

47. Anderson 1995, pp. 142-3.

48. Hitler 1998, pp. 451-2.

49. Anderson 1995, pp. 143-4.

3 - A hideous strength

1. See The Morning of the Magicians by Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier, a fascinating, hugely
entertaining (but not terribly reliable) book, which more or less single-handedly launched the
European occult revival in the early 1960s. Part Two is entitled 'A Few Years in the Absolute
Elsewhere', and deals extensively with the idea of genuine Nazi occult power. To the authors, the
'Absolute Elsewhere' denotes the realm of extreme notions, where we encounter the Hollow
Earth Theory, Horbiger's World Ice Theory, lost prehistoric civilisations, and so on.

2. Maclellan 1996, pp. 100-101.

3. See Julian Wolfreys's Introduction to the Alan Sutton edition of The Coming Race.

4. Bulwer-Lytton 1995, p. 20.

5. Ibid., p. 53.

6. Ibid., p. 26.

7. Ibid., p. 111.

8. Ibid., p. 120.

9. Maclellan 1996, p. 90.

10. Ibid., p. 84.

11. Ibid., p. 103.

12. Pauwels and Bergier 1971, p. 195.

13. Ibid., p. 193.

14. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 221.

15. Kershaw 1998, p. 248.

16. Ibid., p. 240.

17. Pauwels and Bergier 1971, p. 198.

18. Maclellan 1996, p. 107.

19. Willy Ley 1947: 'Pseudoscience in Naziland', Astounding Science Fiction 39/3 (May), pp. 90-
98. Quoted in Godwin 1993, p. 53.

20. Godwin 1993, p. 54.

21. Ibid.

22. Maclellan 1996, p. 109.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., pp. 109-110.

25. Quoted in Maclellan 1996, p. 111.

26. Kershaw 1998, p. xiv.

27. Quoted in Maclellan 1996, p. 113.

28. Ibid., pp. 113-14.

29. Levenda 1995, pp. 173-4.

30. Ibid., p. 175.

31. Ibid.

32. Quoted in Levenda 1995, pp. 176-7.

4 - The phantom kingdom

1. Godwin 1993, p. 79.

2. Tomas 1977, p. 25.

3. Ibid., pp. 25-6.

4. Ibid., p. 32n.

5. Ibid., p. 32.

6. Le Page 1996, p. 4.

7. Ibid., p. 7.

8. Le Page 1996, p. 110.

9. Ibid., pp. 110-11.

10. Quoted in Maclellan 1996, p. 72.

11. Roerich 1930, p. 211.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid, p. 212.

14. Ibid, p. 215.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid, p. 222.

17. Tomas 1977, p. 42.

18. Ibid, pp. 42-3.

19. Godwin 1993, pp. 80-81.

20. Ibid, p. 81.

21. Ibid.

22. Childress 1999, p. 304.

23. Quoted in Maclellan 1996, pp. 63-4.

24. Quoted in Maclellan 1996, pp. 64-5.

25. Maclellan 1996, p. 69.

26. Ibid.

27. Godwin 1993, p. 83.

28. Ibid, pp. 83-4.

29. Godwin 1993, p. 87.

30. Childress 1999, p. 322.

31. Ibid, p. 323.

32. Ibid, p. 324.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid, p. 325.

35. Ibid, p. 327.

5 - Talisman of conquest

1. Ravenscroft 1982, p. xviii.

2. Ibid, pp. ix-x.

3. Ibid, p. xii.

4. Ibid, p. xv.

5. Ibid, p. 50. (See also Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 221-2.)

6. Ibid, p. 40.

7. Ibid, p. 48.

8. Ibid, p. 49.

9. Anderson 1995, p. 47.

10. Ravenscroft 1982, p. 9.

11. Ibid, pp. 63-4.

12. Ibid, p. 64.

13. Anderson 1995, p. 147.

14. Ibid, p. 148.

15. Ravenscroft 1982, p. 318.

16. Godwin 1993, p. 99.

17. Anderson 1995, p. 49.

18. Ibid.

19. Ravenscroft 1982, pp. 11-12.

20. Anderson 1995, p. 52.

21. Ibid, pp. 78-9.

22. Ibid, p. 79.

23. Ibid, p. 80.

24. Ibid, pp. 80-81. See also Ravenscroft 1982, p. 13.

25. Ibid, p. 81. See also Smith 1971, p. 325.

26. Ibid, p. 85.

27. Ibid, p. 86.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid, p. 88.

30. Ibid, p. 96.

31. Ibid, p. 97.

32. Ravenscroft 1982, pp. 315-16.

33. Fest 1974, pp. 548-9.

34. Ravenscroft 1982, p. 316.

35. Ibid.

36. Anderson 1995, p. 149.

37. Ibid, pp. 149-50.

38. Ibid, p. 151.

39. Ibid.

40. Ravenscroft 1982, pp. 103-5. See also Goodrick-Clarke's essay 'The Modern Mythology of
Nazi Occultism' (Appendix E in The Occult Roots of Nazism); his demolition job on such lurid
fantasies is as economical as it is eloquent.

41. Speer 1998, p. 147.

42. Ibid, p. 148.

43. Ibid, p. 183.

44. Langer 1972, p. 32, quoted in Anderson 1995, p. 224.

6 - Ordinary madness

1. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 177.

2. Ibid, p. 179.

3. Ibid, p. 180.

4. Ibid, p. 181.

5. Ibid, p. 182.

6. Levenda 1995, pp. 195-6.

7. Ibid, p. 196.

8. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 184.

9. Ibid, p. 185.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid., p. 186.

12. Ibid., p. 188.

13. Levenda 1995, p. 187. 14 Ibid., p. 189.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid., pp. 189-90.

17. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 189.

18. Ibid., p. 190.

19. Ibid., p. 191.

20. Fest 1979, p. 178.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., p. 179.

23. Payne 1995, p. 184.

24. Fest 1979, pp. 180-1.

25. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 178,

26. Levenda 1995, p. 153.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., p. 154.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., p. 155.

31. Padfield 1990, p. 248, quoted in Levenda 1995, p. 156.

32. Fest 1979, p. 173.

33. Levenda 1995, p. 156.

34. Ibid., p. 157.

35. Quoted in Levenda 1995, pp. 158-9.

36. Quoted in Levenda 1995, pp. 159-60.

37. Levenda 1995, p. 160.

38. Payne 1995, p. 375.

39. Fest 1979, p. 189.

40. Ibid., p. 190.

7 - The secret at the heart of the world

1. Godwin 1993, p. 106.

2. Ibid., p. 107.

3. Ibid., p. 108.

4. Childress 1999, p. 238.

5. Michel Lamy: Jules Verne, initie et mitiateur La cle du secret de Rennes-le-Chateau et le tresor
des Rois de France, Paris, Payot, 1984, p. 194. Cited in Godwin 1993, pp. 108-9.

6. Godwin 1993, p. 109.

7. Ibid.

8. Quoted in Godwin 1993, pp. 109-110.

9. Gardner 1957, p. 20.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Quoted in Godwin 1993, p. 117.

13. Childress 1999, p. 239.

14. Ibid., pp. 239-40.

15. Gardner 1957, pp. 23-4.

16. Ibid., p. 24.

17. Quoted in Godwin 1993, pp. 116-7.

18. Gardner 1957, p. 25.

19. Godwin 1993, p. 117.

20. Gardner 1957, p. 26.

21. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 240.

22. Childress 1999, p. 241.

23. Gardner 1957, p. 37.

24. Ibid.

25. Pauwels and Bergier 1971, p. 154.

26. Ibid., pp. 38-41.

27. Quoted in Gardner 1957, p. 41.

28. Ibid.

29. Pauwels and Bergier 1971, p. 185.

30. Quoted in Pauwels and Bergier 1971, pp. 185-6.

31. Pauwels and Bergier 1971, p. 186.

32. Ibid., p. 188.

33. Ibid., p. 189.

34. For a detailed description of Byrd's life and expeditions, see the polar explorers' Internet
pages at http://www.south-pole.com/home-paqe.html, from which this account is borrowed.

35. Flarbinson 1996, p. 209.

36. Giannini 1959, p. 14.

37. Flarbinson 1996, p. 210.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., p. 211.

40. Ibid.

41. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 258.

42. See Bruce Lanier Wright's piece, 'From Hero to Dero' in Fortean Times No. 127 (October
1999), pp. 36-41.

43. Childress 1999, p. 218.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid., p. 219.

46. Ibid., p. 220.

47. Quoted in Childress 1999, pp. 221-2.

48. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 214.

49. Fortean Times 127, p. 38.

50. Quoted in Childress 1999, pp. 222-3.

51. Childress 1999, p. 223.

52 Shaver, 'Thought Records of Lemuria', Amazing Stones, June 1945, quoted in Peebles 1995,
p. 5.

53. Fortean Times 127, p. 39.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 224.

57. Peebles 1995, p. 6.

58. Childress 1999, p. 229.

59. Fortean Times 127, p. 40.

60. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 229.

61. Childress 1999, pp. 232-3.

62. Quoted in Childress 1999, p. 233.

63. Fortean Times 127, p. 41.

64. Childress 1999, p. 244.

65. Ibid., p. 245.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid., p. 246.

68. Ibid., p. 247.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid., p. 249.

71. Ibid., p. 251.

72. Ibid.

73. Ibid., pp. 251-2.

74. Ibid., pp. 293-4.

75. Ibid., p. 295.

8 - The cloud Reich

1. Brookesmith 1984, p. 202.

2. Cited in Sagan and Page 1996, pp. 207-8.

3. Cited in Harbinson 1996, pp. 45-6.

4. Cited in Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 79. The vast majority of this book is actually the work of
Renato Vesco, with a small amount of additional material by David Hatcher Childress. The
original work was entitled Intercettateh Senza Sparare, and was published in an English
translation by Grove Press, New York in 1971 under the title Intercept But Don't Shoot.

5. Hough and Randies 1996, p. 46.

6. Ibid., p. 47.

7. Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 84.

8. Vesco and Childress 1994, pp. 80-81.

9. Ibid., p. 81.

10. Quoted in Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 82.

11. Hough and Randies 1996, p. 50.

12. Ibid., p. 83.

13. Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 82.

14. Ibid., p. 83.

15. Ibid, p. 84.

16. Good 1996, p. xxviii.

17. Ibid., pp. xxviii-xxix.

18. Jones 1998, p. 510.

19. Ibid., p. 511.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid., p. 512.

22. Good 1996, p. xxxiii.

23. Ibid.

24. Harbinson 1996, p. 61.

25. Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 85.

26. Ibid, pp. 85-6.

27. Ibid, p. 86.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid, p. 113n.

30. Ibid, p. 157.

31. Quoted in Harbinson 1996, p. 72.

32. Ibid, p. 73.

33. Vesco and Childress 1994, pp. 255-6.

34. Harbinson 1996, p. 74.

35. Ibid.

36. Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 244.

37. Ibid.

38. Hogg 1999, p. 52.

39. Marrs 1997, p. 69.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid, p. 70.

42. Ibid.

43. Vesco and Childress 1994, p. 252.

44. Ibid, pp. 252-3.

45. Ibid, p. 253.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid, p. 255.

48. Ibid, p. 258.

49. Ibid, pp. 259-60.

50. Ibid, p. 262.

51. Good 1996, p. 228.

52. Peebles 1995, p. 113.

53. Evans and Stacy 1997, p. 136.

54. See Jacobs 1994, pp. 49-236.

55. Quoted in Harbinson 1996, p. 172,

56. Ibid, p. 173.

57. Ibid, p. 175.

58. Ibid., p. 177.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid., pp 179-80.

61. Ibid., p. 180.

62 David Guyatt, 'Police State of Mindl, Fortean Times No, 95, p. 35.

63. Ibid., p. 38.

64. Ibid., p. 36.

65. Quoted in Constantine 1995, pp. 2-3.

66. Guyatt, p. 36.

67. Ibid., pp. 36-7.

68. Constantine 1995, p. 4.

69. Guyatt, p. 36.

70. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) report, quoted in Guyatt, p. 37.

71. Constantine 1995, p. 9.

72. See Vallee 1993.

73. Constantine 1995, p. 18.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid.

76. Ibid.

77. Ibid., p. 19.

78. Ibid., p. 26.

79. Sid Que, 'Radio Head', Fortean Times No. 113, p. 39.

80. Ibid., p. 37.

81. Ibid.

82. Constantine 1995, p. 40.

9 - Invisible Eagle

1. Trevor-Roper 1995, p. 43.

2. Marrs 1997, p. 72.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., p. 73.

5. Quoted in Pool 1997, pp. 31-2.

6. Marrs 1997, p. 73.

7. Higham 1983, quoted in Marrs 1997, p. 73.

8. Ibid.

9. Quoted in Marrs 1997, p. 74.

10. Ibid.

11. World Press Review, vol. 41, no. 11, November 1996. Quoted in Marrs 1997, pp. 74-5.

12. Trevor-Roper 1995, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.

13. Ibid., p. xxxviii.

14. Ibid., p. xi.

15. Ibid., p. xii.

16. Ibid.

17. Keith 1994, p. 30.

18. Ibid., p. 31.

19. Ibid., p. 33.

20. Harbinson 1996, p. 219.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., pp. 219-20.

23. Ibid., p. 220.

24. Ibid., p. 221.

25. Marrs 1997, p. 75.

26. Vesco and Childress 1994, pp. xv-xvi.

27. Ibid., p. xvi.

28. Godwin 1993, p. 105.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., p. 63.

31. Ibid., p. 64.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid., p. 66.

34. Translated by Godwin, ibid., p. 65.

35. Ibid., p. 67.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 68.

38. Ibid.

39. Harbinson 1996, p. 248.

40. Ibid., p. 249.

41. Quoted from a reproduction of the Samisdat newsletter, available on the Nizkor Website.
Nizkor is an educational organisation dedicated to providing accurate information on the
Holocaust and related Holocaust studies. One of its laudable objectives is to expose and

dismantle the despicable arguments of Holocaust deniers such as Ernst Zundel. At the risk of
patronising the reader (which is by no means my intention), I must state that anyone with the
slightest suspicion that the Holocaust did not take place should visit this excellent Website, which
will immediately set them straight. The Nizkor Project Remembering the Holocaust can be
reached at http://www.nizkor.org/

42. See 'Giving the Devil His Due: Holocaust Revisionism as a Test Case for Free Speech and the
Skeptical Ethic' by Frank Miele, reproduced on the Nizkor Project website.

43. Ibid.

44. Godwin 1993, p. 70.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid., pp. 70-71.

48. Ibid., p. 71.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid., p. 72.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid., p. 73.

54. Ibid.

55. Quoted in Godwin 1993, p. 73.

56. Ibid., p. 127.

57. Ibid.

58. Fortean Times No. 121 (April 1999), p. 29.

59. Watkins and Ambrose 1989, pp. 99-100.

60. Ibid., p. 207. 61 Ibid., p. 106.

62. Ibid., p. 214.

63. Hitler 1998, pp. 120-6.

64. Ibid., pp. 121-2.

65. Ibid., p. 122.

66. Ibid., pp. 126-7.

67. Ibid., p. 131.

68. Ibid., p. 348, quoted in Keith 1994, p. 152.

69. Keith 1994, pp. 152-3.

70. Quoted in Keith 1994, pp. 30-31.

71. Keith 1994, p. 148.

72. Ibid., p. 153.

Conclusion the myth machine
1. Anderson 1995, p. 233.

Index (Removed)
End